The Age of Enlightenment1
General Features and Educational Concepts：The Enlightenment Period hadmade itself clear approximately between 1680 and 1770 or even 1780.Science developed into separate disciplines，literature became an independent subject，and itwas demanded thathistory also become independent.
During this period，educators transformed the concept of education from preparing students for the afterlife into preparing them for the world around them，so that they could be free and enlightened.Moreover，educators of the period were usually optimistic and stressed the importance of study and work.At school，studentswere educated in such a way as to engrain a love of nature and human beings.Based on these ideas，learning was undertaken by experiment and experience.
William Shakespeare2 mentioned the concept of“Fair Play”and the ideas of“maintain equality of opportunity”and“show the cavalier style of thinking”at the end of the 16th century；by the 18th century，these ideaswere included in sport.Systematic changes in the foundations of the principles of fair play that occurred in the 19th century was directly related to the socio-cultural structure of Victorian England3.
The Significance of Physical Training：Ideas and epitomes produced prior to this period were ultimately practiced in this period.Respected educators of the period stressed the significance of physical training，which appealed only to the aristocracy during the Renaissance；simulating the education system of the Ancient Age，educators started to address everyone from all classes and their views spread concordantly in this period.
John Locke4：John Locke，lead player in this neWintellectual movement，was most likely the most popular political philosopher during the first partof the18th century，who stressed the necessity of education.Locke's“Essay on Human Intellect”is acknowledged as hismost prominent and popular work.His work，“Notions of Education”stressed the importance of child health，advised children to learn swimming and tomaintain their fitness.
Jean Jacques Rousseau5：Rousseau held that children should be allowed to develop and learn according to their natural inclinations，but in Emile，this goalwas achieved by a tutor who cunningly manipulated his pupil's responses.The aforesaid education was termed“Natural education”of the public or“education which will create natural human beings”.
3-1 Jean Jacques Rousseau