Industrial Revolution and modern sport
The Industrial Revolution was a cultural and economic shift from the cottage industry，traditional agriculture，and manual labor to a system of factory-based manufacturing that included complexmachinery，continual technological growth，new energy sources，and developments in transportation.As the Industrial Revolution took hold，society's attention turned from the rural home to the urban factory and from human power to mechanical power.Therefore，the effect of the IR has on sports has been shown through the aspects below：
Coping with urbanization：As a result of the technological improvements of the Agricultural Revolution，many agricultural jobsweremechanized.People beganmoving to cities seeking work，fueling the Industrial Revolution with a sizable workforce.Urbanization had a big impact on sports in severalways.First，sports gave urbanites a way to make friends.Some of these organizations were sporting fraternities focused on playing and watching sports.Second，sports provided a release from the confines of the city.Playing sports and watching other sports heroes can serve as a temporary escape from an unchallenging or unsatisfying work life.Businessmen and workers were encouraged to exercise and play sports to keep physically and mentally fit.Third，the concentrated population allowed athletes to train together and learn from each other'smethods.It ismore than a coincidence that nearly all contemporarymajor sports evolved or were invented in the city，and most first-class athletes grew up and trained in the city.The city was where sport became rationalized，specialized，organized，commercialized，and professionalized.
3-4 Urbanization
3-5 Industrialization’sW orkforce
Industrialization’s W orkforce：Industrialization also caused sports to develop in two key ways：as a tool inmassproducing a mass-production workforce and via technology advancements.An industrial workforce needs to be several things：itmust be physically able to perform strenuous and exhaustive jobs，mentally able to perform tedious and repetitive tasks，and the labor must be consistent enough to ensure work will not be delayed.Guttman questionsmodern sports'overall health benefits since fierce competition results inmore injury，butagrees thatmodern sportsmay work as social control to acclimateworkers to a rigid rule structure and divert uprising by creating a submissive attitude toward authority.On the individual level，sport serves as both a temporary escape from the problems ofworld politics and as a safety valve for releasing tensions thatmightotherwise be directed toward disrupting and changing the existing power relationships on society.
Advancement of Technology：Industrialization itself was the rise of the machine，the dawn of modern technology.Various domains of technological improvements led to sporting advances，especially in the realms of transportation，the creation of leisure time，scientifically engineering sport，and mass communication.The technological advances of industrialization are also credited with the creation of leisure time.Technology has automated somany daily tasks thatmany humans now have spare time to divert their attention away from survival-based activities toward the pursuit of other tasks or hobbies.Technology also invented new sports.Inventions such as the bicycle are an ironic paradox，a technologically produced product that facilitates individual escape from the industrialized world.Many facets of sports were engineered toward better performance，including sports equipment，sporting facilities and even the athletes themselves through exercise physiology.
3-6 Advancement of Technology in Sport
Science and technology gained the ability to measure distances and times with increased precision（e.g.，the tapemeasure and stop watch），facilitating a movement towards quantification in sports that would have previously been impossible.Other scientifically produced technology indirectly benefited sports；for example，the invention of the incandescent light bulb facilitated sports to be played indoors and at night.
Technology also enhanced mass communication.The radio permitted the expeditious transfer of information across vast distances to many demographics，exposing listeners to new sports and keeping fans up to date.The invention of the photographic camera，which in turn led to television and motion picture camera，even allowed sports to be seen.The radio and television are sometimes seen today as the lifeblood of sport.
3-7 Winter Cricket
Themajor impact of industrialization on sport came in its later stages as the wide-spread application of steam power vastly increased productivity，thus enabling employers to concede to demands to lessen the working week for their labor force and to pay them higher wages.This had twomajor consequences for sport.First，it helped create a mass market for spectator sport by setting Saturday afternoons aside free of work and thus providing a time slot into which gate-money sport could fit.Second，for thosewho preferred to be active rather than watch others play，the increase in disposable income allowed the purchase of bicycles and other sporting equipment.By this time too，in both Britain and America，the middle-class attitude toward sport had changed；they now accepted that，if appropriately controlled，sport could be a force for good in creating healthier citizens，rejuvenating labor，and building character.
Notes：
1 Enlightenment
A European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God，reason，nature，and humanity were synthesized into a worldview that gained wide assent in the West and that instigated revolutionary developments in art，philosophy，and politics.Central to Enlightenment thoughtwere the use and celebration of reason，the power by which humans understand the universe and improve their own condition.The goals of rational humanity were considered to be knowledge，freedom，and happiness.
2William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare was an English poet，playwright，and actor，widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's greatest dramatist.He is often called England's national poet and the“Bard of Avon”.His extant works，including collaborations，consist of some 39 plays，154 sonnets，two long narrative poems，and a few other verses，some of uncertain authorship.
3 Victorian England
Queen Victoria ruled Britain for over 60 years.During this long reign，the country acquired unprecedented power and wealth.Britain's reach extended across the globe because of its empire，political stability，and revolutionary developments in transport and communication.Many of the intellectual and cultural achievements of this period are stillwith us today.
4 John Locke
John Locke FRSwas an English philosopher and physician，widely regarded as one of themost influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the“Father of Liberalism”.Considered one of the first of the British empiricists，following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon，he is equally important to social contract theory.Hiswork greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy.
5 Jean Jacques Rousseau
Jean Jacques Rousseau was a Genevan philosopher，writer and composer.His political philosophy influenced the progress of the Enlightenment throughout Europe，aswell as aspects of the French Revolution and the development of modern political，economic and educational thought.
6 Allen Guttmann
Allen Guttmann is Professor of American Studies at Amherst College.Among hismany works related to sports“Women's Sports，”named the book of the year by the North American Society for Sport History，as well as“Sports Spectators，The Games Must Go On，”and“From Ritual to Record，”all published by Columbia University Press.