Keys
Unit 1 Sports in the Ancient Greece and Rome
A.Blank filling
1.arts，sports
2.battle skills，formations and tactics
3.five，opening and closing，Running and field，Horse and chariot races，wrestling and boxing
4.donations from rich patrons and from booty claimed in warswith neighboring city states
5.political problems that have tarnished themodern Olympics
6.The appetite for violence，the gladiatorial combats
7.Fame，glory，fortune
8.overcame his opponent，or killed him outright
9.violent sports and large amphitheaters
10.ritualistic nature，display of physical strength and endurance
B.Short-answer questions
1.Conclude the beloved events of Ancient Greeks.
2.The gladiatorswere often prisoners of war，slaves，or criminals with a death sentence.fame，glory and fortune.
3.The Roman Empire adopted Christianity as its official religion，in 404 AD the gladiatorial gameswere altogether banned by the emperor Honorius6 due to themartyrdom of St.Telemachus.
C.Critical thinking
N/A
Unit 2 Sport in Medieval&Pre-modern Era
A.Blank filling
1.Christian，Roman Catholic Church
2.body is the prison of soul，is the entrance of the evil，any pleasure is sin
3.fighting abilities
4.constructing courts were rather costly and ordinary citizens did not have sufficient funds to build one or play it in all its glory
5.waste of valuable energy and time
6.The Renaissance
7.A，B
8.religiousmovement，politics and the Church
9.Declaration on Lawful Sports
10.the value of human beings
B.Short-answer questions
1.Folks enjoyed the leisure games that can banked on their physical skills and providing food.
Royalswere enjoying the eventswhich are costly or related tomilitary.
2.（1）The Athenian philosophy that had supported play as an important form of education was given fuller emphasis during the Renaissance by such educators and writers.
（2）In teaching methods，formulae enabling pupils to improve their skills and abilities were adopted.Students started to learn outdoors，in touch with nature.
（3）The necessity of physical training along with education of soul and mind has been emphasized；for this reason，physical practices and games have been suggested for young people.
3.The Renaissance stressed improvements in modern art，the Reformation contributed to some improvements in politics and the Church.
C.Critical thinking
N/A
Unit 3 Emergence of Modern Sport in Europe
A.Blank filling
1.preparing students for the afterlife，preparing them for the world around them
2.“maintain equality of opportunity”and“show the cavalier style of thinking”
3.secularism，equality，specialization，rationalization，bureaucratization，quantification，emphasis on records
4.Urbanization
5.a force for good in creating healthier citizens，building character
6.disport，entertainment，game，drill
7.the formation of character
8.patriotic duty，manliness，themoral and physical beauty
9.changing the educational system in France
10.father of themodern Olympic Games，education，sports and physical education
B.Short-answer questions
1.a.professionalization
b.emphasis on records
c.equality
d.rationalization&bureaucratization
2.（1）Sports gave urbanites away tomake friends&provided a release from the confines of the city，workers and businessmen
（2）The concentrated population allowed athletes to train together and learn from each other
（3）Nearly all contemporary major sports evolved or were invented in the city，and most firstclass athletes grew up and trained in the city→rationalized，specialized，organized，commercialized，and professionalized.
3.（1）sportwould create a balance between body and mind
（2）sportwould eliminate temptationswhile building good moral character
（3）sportwould create active and determined citizenswho love God，country，and freedom
C.Critical thinking
N/A
Unit 4 Rise&Expansion of the Modern Olympics
A.Blank filling
1.The Olympic Charter，International Olympic Committee
2.Pierre de Coubertin
3.Internationalism and Democracy
4.feminine participation in public competitions
5.artistic and intellectual beauty
6.display its“superiority”over the rest of the world
7.forced marketing of Western values
8.Winning
9.Winning and losing
10.preparingmen for war
B.Short-answer questions
1.奥林匹克主义是一种生活哲学,它把身体、意志和思想的品质提升并结合在一个平衡的整体上。奥林匹克主义将体育与文化和教育融为一体,旨在创造一种生活方式,这种生活方式建立在努力中获得的快乐、良好榜样的教育价值以及对普遍的基本伦理原则的尊重的基础上。
奥林匹克主义的目标是使所有地方的体育都为人的和谐发展服务,以期鼓励建立一个维护人的尊严的和平社会。
2.Through exercise，the athlete of classical times sculpted his physiquemuch as an artist chisels a statue，and，in doing so，he was honoring his gods.In modern times，the athlete in his achievement honors his country，his race and his national flag.
3.He wants to conclude thatwinning and losing have become the two key Olympicswords.It is more important than cultural exchange and refinement of the human spirit.
C.Critical thinking
N/A
Unit 5 European Sport in Globalization Era
A.Blank filling
1.itwas violent
2.an abbreviation for“association”
3.Britain's empire
4.immigrant class
5.The radio broadcasts
6.schools and colleges and commercialmanaged sports centers
7.gain control of the club-based sport participation of their students/increase their authority over the students'sport activities
8.class distinction and class exclusivity
9.The National Collegiate Athletic Association（NCAA）
10.more elite sport oriented；more directed towards sport for all
B.Short-answer questions
1.It is a case that Belgian player Jean-Marc Bosman complained to the European Court of Justice against rules that limited the number of foreign players to two or three per club，and Bosman won.
The ruling lifted limits on EU players，and soon other limits on African，East European or Latin American playerswere formally abandoned ormade irrelevant.
2.a.The war was tearing down the walls between the classeswithin the sport and made football become a sport across the class system.
b.The booming of radio broadcastsmade the top football players become starswhile the TV allowed for the visual record to exist，getting to actually see the game's greatest stars and hold on to those images for posterity.
3.a.different sports
b.different sport contexts：voluntary clubs and associations in Europe and schools，colleges and universities in the United States.
c.American sports commercialized and professionalized earlier and much more thoroughly than European sports.
d.business，professional sports in the United States are organized in closed leagues while both amateur and professional sports in Europe formed part of open competitions.
e.Europe's open sport competitions got an international or global appeal and were governed by international non-profit federations，America's closed professional leagues remained national and were established under profit-oriented managerial control without international regulatory body.
f.Sports in the United States developed market-driven and independent of the state，while governments in Europe increasingly intervened in the world of sports.
4.The United States underwent a fairly autonomousmodernization process，surpassing the European countries in several respects by the end of the 19th century.As the United States became a key player on theworld stage，its citizens'early admiration of English culturewas replaced by self-confidence in the country's own achievements.In line with this，they took the liberty of reinterpreting the English sports culture.
C.Critical thinking
N/A
Unit 6 Sport from Colonization to Antebellum
A.Blank filling
1.sustenance and religious beliefs
2.utilitarian purposes；search for food，deliver goods，or carry news ofwar or other important events between tribes
3.active recreation，physical exercise，games，and sport in colonial American society
4.tavern sports，drinking，gambling，and boisterous social gatherings
5.B
6.people should engage in moral pastimes and sport instead of vulgar and frivolous activity
7.Harvard；1826
8.a separate nation；sport became a part of this cultural expression
9.strong，vital，and moral citizens；advance the young democratic nation and to counter criticism that the United Stateswas a nation of weak citizens
10.ice skating，swimming，and private bath
B.Short-answer questions
1.New immigrants，including Germans，Scots-Irish，and nonbelievers froMengland settled into the colony and challenged the sternmoral codes and blue.Some of the newcomers formed lower classes of laborers and enjoyed tavern sports，drinking，gambling，and boisterous social gatherings.Other new Anglicans desired to partake of sports and display their social status.They brought sport and pastimes to the new colony as part of their culture and social customs.
2.Drawing on their parents'experiences，slave children often played games that emphasized the need to cooperate with，rather than eliminate，one another.The devastating loss of a family member sold by a plantation mastermeant that the pastimes of children emphasized loyalty and solidarity.
3.There are 3 groups of people：Native Americans（the original inhabitants of North America），Africans（forced against theirwill to come to the New World as laborers and slaves），and white Europeans（especially those from Great Britain）.
4.Increased attention by people of diverse backgrounds to sport，along with the growth of industrialization，urbanization，and technological innovation—as well as the influence of social-class distinctions and gender and race lines that remained in the culture—provided the framework formodern competitive sport in the nineteenth century.
C.Critical thinking
N/A
Unit 7 The Form ing of American Sport in the Gilded Age
A.Blank filling
1.cricket；officers of the British Army；firstmajor organized American team sport
2.reinforce their social class and privileged position
3.Alexander Cartwright
4.expression of national strength in sport
5.the body was the temple of God
6.sport；amore widely accepted form of leisure activity
7.The crew race
8.the employment of professional coaches
9.London Football Association's；Harvard；running with the ball
10.Father of American football
B.Short-answer questions
1.（1）economical
（2）simple to learn and play to accommodate a range of ages and skills
（3）needed“aggressively physical”，offered endless bursts of action and limitless quick sprinting with very little dead time in between
2.Muscular Christianity referred to the belief that the bodywas the temple of God and that cultivating one's body for the glory of God developed morals and built character.The Muscular Christian embodied the best of physical culture and moral virtue in a trilogy ofmind，body，and spirit，touting sport as essential for building character，leadership，competitiveness，courage，teamwork，and discipline.They emphasized sport as a kind of positive training formanhood，one that helpedmen develop physical and moral fitness they could transfer into their appropriate pursuits in American society.It combined manly athleticism with the quest for fulfillment in the world.
3.1869，Princeton traveled to Rutgers for the first intercollegiatematch played under the London Football Association's rules.
1872，Harvard adopted rugby rules that allowed running with the ball.
1873，American schools began to depart from the British version of the game.
1876，other schools adopted the rugby rules，changing the emphasis from kicking to running.
1880，the game further deviated from soccer，when Walter Camp introduced the scrimmage line.
1882，Walter Camp introduced concept of downs and yardage.
1893，Princeton-Yale game was billed as the national championship.
C.Critical thinking
N/A
Unit 8 Sport and Social Change in the Progressive Era
A.Blank filling
1.loosely organized or independentwhite，Anglo-Saxon，Protestant（WASP）men and women
2.campaigned for child labor laws that restricted full-time employment；
passed mandatory education laws，required children to go to school；
physical education soon became a requirement in many public schools
4.bring the rich and the poor of society together；
share knowledge and culture with their low-income neighbors
5.the Carlisle Indian School；
English language，vocational skills，and WASP values
6.imposed their own values
7.competitive spirit，discipline，a strong work ethic，and community pride
8.surrogate warfare
9.Americanize the Puerto Ricans through sport&games on playgrounds and at settlement houses
B.Short-answer questions
1.The belief prompted employers to provide funding to support the increasing number of public schools.
2.They imposed their own values by banning the Hawaiian sports of surfing，canoe racing，and boxing，as well as gambling and the erotic hula dances.In the following decade，polo，tennis，and track-and-field competition were pursued，but the cultural transition remained incomplete and contested.
3.（1）Sent students to be educated in American colleges，where they learned to play baseball which became a form of surrogate warfare，as Japan and the United Sates contended for leadership in the Pacific.
（2）In 1895 it defeated the Chinese in the Sino-Japanese War and occupied the island of Taiwan，introducing the inhabitants to baseball.In 1904-1905，Japan proved victorious over Russia in a war to control the Korean peninsula，where the winners also initiated baseball among the populace.
（3）Hosted the Far East Olympics in 1917 and Osaka did so in 1923.
（4）Japanese baseball teams established a professional league in 1936.
C.Critical thinking
N/A
Unit 9 Sport as Popular Culture
A.Blank filling
1.a sporting section and a women's section；
articles and advice on sport，recreation，and physical health
2.a threat to live attendance；
selling advertising time
3.The 1951 World Series
4.provide information and to sell information and entertainment to their viewers；
to create audienceswith purchasing power；
“rent”them to advertisers
5.narration，personalization；dramatization；
interest，suspense；identification
6.Employer-employee labor differences；
similar tensions in the industrialworkforce
7.notwinning；revenues are everything
8.an economy of emotions；amarket economy
9.National Basketball Association（NBA）；
17-team league with three divisions
10.glorification；
rewards；
salaries，pensions；rights to free agency
B.Short-answer questions
1.The nature of American sport since 1960 has been affected by the introduction of first television and later，the internet.
Television in particular transformed sport by bringing games to a wider audience and by showering billions of dollars on various leagues，which has trickled down to the athletes themselves.
2.（1）The quality of the league as a whole has to be in the focus，and all teams have to play on a similar performance level.
（2）The rise of interest and revenuewith an increase in fan interest by distributing the revenues more equally to all teamswhich helped theweaker teams to buy better players and thus increase the interest of the audiences（Share the revenues among all teams，independent of their success.）
（3）Invent the“wild card”in the playoffs.
3.The phenomenal success of ESPN led to greater sports coverage on themajor television networks，the creation of local sports channels，and innumerable sports-talk radio shoWin imitation.Professional leagues initiated their own television companies.Collegiate athletic conferences followed suit and other operations focused on particular activities.
C.Critical thinking
N/A
Unit 10 Major Problem s of Sport and Society
A.Blank filling
1.allay racial issues in sport；athletes；African American athletes
2.the Civil Rights Movement；increasing acceptance of diversity；attained greater exposure in the media；fostered societal changes
3.political；staging boycotts；signing petitions；aiding husbands and sons；gain suffrage or other rights
4.Catharine Beecher；city women were pursuing a path of physical
5.Seneca FallsWoman's Rights Convention；an arduous battle for women demanding ameasure of citizenship equal to that ofmen
6.the traditional feminine passivity assigned towomen；widespread debate；through the next century regarding the propriety of sporting activity by women
7.themedia coverage or accolades；substantial gains in sport；of women's activism in pursuit of public roles
8.Billie Jean King；King as a leader in the feministmovement；the women's rightsmovement
9.gain equal opportunities in sport；consistently upheld it
10.professional female tennis players；tripled；earned prizemoney equivalent to
B.Short-answer questions
1.Despite Owens'heroics at the Olympics，he returned to a largely racist America.At a New York reception in his honor，he could not even enter through the front door of the Hotel.In addition，the AAU（Amateur Athletic Union）denied him the Sullivan Award，honoring the best amateur athlete，and thereafter Owens earned income by racing against dogs and horses in deplorable exhibitions.Thus，his heroic stature proved tenuous as an African American.
2.They could be involved in the republican society by utilizing their domestic skills as guardians of the home，thus imparting virtue and morals to their children for participation in democracy.
3.Lobbying efforts by female activists in Congress produced a federal law，known as Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972，which required equal opportunities for both genders in any high school，college，or university that received federal aid.
The law was very often applied to gain equal opportunities in sport，thus prompting wholesale changes in the funding and selection of teams in all public-school programs.
C.Critical thinking
N/A
Unit 11 New Form s of Sport in 21st Century
A.Blank filling
1.increased 72 percent；
increased 106 percent；
highest
2.are attempting to organize and present these sports likemainstream sport forms；
seek tomaintain some control of their sports and of the“authentic”roots of their cultures.
3.both beneficial and detrimental
4.male；17；20；30；female
5.“selling out”
6.$600 million in 2017；
$1.6 billion by 2021.
7.all forms of competitive physical activity or gameswhich，through casual or organized participation，aim to use，maintain or improve physical ability and skills while providing enjoyment to participants，and in some cases，entertainment for spectators
8.qualify for major tournaments and to win for the financial benefits and the reputation that come with it
9.the latest tech trends；
virtual reality；
physically right in front of you.
10.people don't associate them with such a high value as they do with money；
these virtual items can be worth a lot.
B.Short-answer questions
1.BASE jumping，cliff diving，skateboarding，snowboarding，inline skating，motocross，bicycle motocross（BMX），ski boarding，snow mountain biking，Parkour，canyoning，coasteering，bungee jumping，etc.
2.These kinds of sports often carry out the potential risk of serious and permanent physical injury and even death.However，these sports also have the potential to produce drastic benefits onmental and physical health and provide opportunity for individuals to engage fully with life.
3.（1）Viewership of esports continues to rise，people look for teams to support and to be fans of；
（2）Companies such as Intel，Red Bull，and Mountain DeWare jumping at the chance to sponsor a team and be able to reap from the big financial investment；
（3）Even traditional sports leagues such as the NBA are putting together esports teams to play competitions in their respective virtual sports games.
4.Similarities：
（1）sufficient physical exertion；
（2）how winning the championship provides a benefit to the team；
（3）tournaments feature interviews，commentators and even food/drinks for the audience；
（4）the competition between two teams and the physical and mental training needed；
（5）you can get a scholarship aswell，etc.
Differences：
（1）Esports heavily rely on the internet；
（2）Esports'physicalmovementmainly focused on the fingers；
（3）Esports has less body exerting，etc.
C.Critical thinking
N/A