Hawaii

Arriving in Hawaii in 1820，the Americanmissionarieswon favor by ingratiating themselveswith themonarchy over the next generation，and they imposed their own values by banning the Hawaiian sports of surfing，canoe racing，and boxing，aswell as gambling and the erotic hula dances.Themissionaries introduced residential boarding schools to inculcate their religious beliefs in native children，and their efforts to Americanize Hawaiians also included the introduction of baseball.In the following decade，polo，tennis，and track-and-field competition were pursued，but the cultural transition remained incomplete and contested.Native Hawaiians resurrected canoe racing in 1875.

The plantation owners used sport as a means of social control，organizing baseball leagues for their polyglot labor force of Filipino，Japanese，Chinese，and Portuguese workers.As with mainland immigrants，the second generation of Japanese and Chinese immigrants to Hawaii adopted and even excelled inmainstream sport forms，but their successes also reinforced the racial pride denied them in other spheres of life，such as the workplace.

The aquatic sports of the Hawaiians even reversed the cultural flow，as Hawaiian swimmers formed the backbone of the U.S.Olympic team from 1912 through the 1920s.Itsmost famousmember，Duke Kahanamoku2，won six Olympicmedals from 1912 through 1932 and served as a cultural ambassador for sport，popularizing Hawaiian surfing around the world.

8-8　Surfing in Hawaii