Part C Grammar
定语从句（Attributive Clause）
1. 定语从句的概念
在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
2. 定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词，常见的关系代词包括that, which, who（宾格whom, 所有格whose）等，关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的重要成分。
3. 定语从句的分类
根据定语从句在句中所起的作用，可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两大类。
（1） 限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。
e.g. I have a book which teaches English grammar.（a book是先行词，which teaches English grammar是限制性定语从句，修饰the book）
（2） 非限制性定语从句
1） 非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。关系代词用 which，不用that；指人时可用who。
e.g. I, who am your friend, will share the work with you.（I是先行词，who am your friend是非限制性定语从句，对先行词I起附加说明的作用）
2） which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。
e.g. Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody.（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the driving test）Sheila couldn’t come to the party, which was a pity. （定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party）
4. 关系代词的用法
（1） that既可以用于指人，也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语或宾语，作主语时不可省略，作
宾语时可省略。
e.g. Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. （that作主语）
The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. （that作宾语）
（2） which用于指物，在句中作主语或宾语，作主语不可省略，作宾语可省略。
e.g. The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. （which作主语）
The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. （which作宾语）
（3） who，whom用于指人，who用作主语，whom用作宾语。在口语中，有时可用who代替whom， 也可省略。
e.g. The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. （who作主语）
Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? （whom作宾语）
注意：
（1） 当定语从句中含有介词，介词放在句末时，who，that，which可省略，但介词在关系代词前时，只能用“介词+which/whom”结构。
e.g. This is the house in which we lived last year.
Please tell me from whom you borrowed the English novel.
（2） 在含有介词的固定动词词组中，介词不可前置，只能放在原来的位置上。
e.g. This is the person whom you are looking for.
（3） that 作介词的宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在从句中动词的后面。
e.g. The city that she lives in is very far away.
（4） 关系词只能用that的情况：
1） 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级时，只能用that，而不用which。
e.g. He was the first person that passed the exam.
2） 被修饰的先行词为all, any, much, many, everything, anything, none, the one等不定代词时，只能用that，而不用which。
e.g. Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
3） 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last, little, few等词修饰时，只能用that，而不用which。
e.g. This is the same bike that I lost.
4） 先行词里同时含有人或物时，只能用that，而不用which。
e.g. I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
5） 以who或which引导的特殊疑问句，为避免重复，只能用that。
e.g. Who is the girl that is crying?
6） 主句是there be 结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that，而不用which。
e.g. There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom.
（5） 关系词只能用which，而不用that 的情况：
1） 先行词为that, those时，用which，而不用that。
e.g. What’s that which is under the desk?
2） 关系代词前有介词时，一般用which，而不用that。
e.g. This is the room in which he lives.
3） 引导非限制性定语从句，用which，而不用that。
e.g. Tom came back, which made us happy.
5. 关系副词的用法
（1） when指时间，其先行词表示时间，在句中作时间状语。
e.g. This was the time when he arrived.
（2） where指地点，其先行词表示地点，在句中作地点状语。
e.g. This is the place where he works.
（3） why指原因，其先行词是原因，起原因状语作用。
e.g. Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school.
Exercises
Task One Complete each sentence with a proper relative pronoun or relative adverb.
1. A football fan is a person_______________has a strong interest in football.
2. Mr. Ling is just the boy_______________I want to see.
3. I know the woman_______________husband is my colleague.(https://www.daowen.com)
4. Shanghai is the city_______________I was born.
5. The man_______________you met just now is my friend.
6. I still remember the day_______________I first came to the school.
7. Please pass me the book_______________color is green.
8. I don’t know the reason_______________he looks unhappy today.
9. Mr. Liu is the person_______________you talked with on the bus.
10. The matter_______________you were arguing about last night has been settled.
Task Two Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1. — Do you know the man_______________(who/which) is talking with your father?— Yes, he is our headmaster.
2. Is this the river_______________(in which/that) I can swim?
3. This is the best hotel in the city_______________(which/that) I know.
4. Can you lend me the dictionary_______________(that you bought/you bought it) the other day?
5. Anyone_______________(who agree/who agrees) with what I said may put up your hands.
6. My watch is not the only thing (that/which)_______________is missing.
7. The man_______________(who/whose) coat is black is waiting at the gate.
8. The girl_______________(whom/who) is reading under the tree is my sister.
9. I love places_______________(where/which) the people are really friendly.
10. Didn’t you see the man_______________(which/whom) I talked with just now?
Grammar Bank
Task One Combine each pair of the following sentences into a complex sentence with an attributive clause.
1. The women is our computer professor.
We saw her yesterday.
2. The school is a big one.
The school stands near the river.
3. I shall never forget the day.
On that day we won the game.
4. We are not allowed to do so.
Tell me the reason.
5. The town has become a famous city.
He grew up in the town.
6. I spend my childhood in Suzhou.
I have never been there again since I left.
7. The magazine is mine.
He has taken it away.
8. The students will not pass the exam.
They don’t study hard.
9. The letter is from my sister.
I received it yesterday.
10. This is the boy.
His sister is a famous singer.
Task Two Choose the right answer for each of the sentences.
1. Where is the man________I met this morning?
A. when B. where C. which D. who
2. Who is the woman________is sweeping the floor over there?
A. who B. / C. that D. when
3. The man________you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbor.
A. with whom B. when C. to whom D. which
4. The doctor________is leaving for Africa next month.
A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking
C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking
5. Have you read the book________I lent to you?
A. that B. whom C. when D. whose
6. Finally, the thief handed over everything________he had stolen to the police.
A. that B. which C. whatever D. all
7. This is the school________we visited three days ago.
A. where B. / C. when D. what
8. This is the factory________we worked a year ago.
A. where B. that C. which D. on which
9. Do you work near the building________colour is yellow?
A. that B. which C. its D. whose
10. The room________Mr. White lives is not very large.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
Task Three Error correction.
