Part C Grammar
被动语态（Passive Voice）
语态是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态（active voice）和被动语态（passive voice）。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，而被动语态则表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。
e.g. English is spoken by many people. （English是动词speak的承受者。）
1. 被动语态的构成形式
（1） 被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常有10种时态的被动形式，被动语态由be+过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
1） am/is/are done （过去分词） 一般现在时
2） has/have been done 现在完成时
3） am/is/are being done 现在进行时
4） was/were done 一般过去时
5） had been done 过去完成时
6） was/were being done 过去进行时
7） shall/will be done 一般将来时
8） should/would be done 过去将来时
9） shall/will have been done 将来完成时（少用）
10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）
（2） 被动语态的特殊结构形式
1） 带情态动词的被动结构。其形式为：情态动词+be+过去分词。
e.g. The baby should be taken good care of by the baby-sitter.
2） 有些动词可以有两个宾语，在用于被动结构时，可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语，另一宾语仍然保留在谓语后面。通常变为主语的是间接宾语。
e.g. His mother gave him a present for his birthday.
可改为He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
3） 当“动词+宾语+宾语补足语”结构变为被动语态时，将宾语变为被动结构中的主语，其余不动。
e.g. Someone caught the boy smoking a cigarette.
可改为The boy was caught smoking a cigarette.
4） 在使役动词have, make, get以及感官动词see, watch, notice, hear, feel, observe等后面不定式作宾语补足语时，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to。
e.g. Someone saw a stranger walk into the building.
可改为A stranger was seen to walk into the building.
5） 有些相当于及物动词的动词词组，如“动词+介词”，“动词+副词”等，也可以用于
被动结构，但要把它们看作是一个整体，不能分开。其中的介词或副词也不能省略。e.g. The meeting is to be put off till Friday.
（3） 非谓语动词的被动语态
v.+ing 形式及不定式 to do 也有被动语态（一般时态和完成时态）。
e.g. I don’t like being laughed at in the public.
2. 非谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义
在某些句型中可用动名词和不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
（1） 在need，want，require, bear等词的后面，动名词用主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不定式的被动形式。
e.g. The house needs repairing （= to be repaired）.
（2） 形容词worth后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动含义，但不能跟动词不定式；而worthy后面要跟动词不定式的被动形式。
e.g. The picture-book is well worth reading. （= The picture-book is very worthy to be read. ）
3. 被动语态与系表结构的区别
当“be+过去分词”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作；作系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态时，be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：
（1） 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。
e.g. The glass is broken. （系表结构）
The glass was broken by the boy. （被动语态）
（2） 如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。
e.g. The door is locked. （系表结构）
The door has already/just been locked. （被动语态）
The school gate is shut by an old man at 6 p.m. every day. （被动语态）
The school gate is shut now. （系表结构）
Exercises
Task One Complete the sentences with the words in the brackets. Change the word forms if necessary.
1. — Susan, why are you still here? They are all ready to start.
— I’m sorry, but I_______________(not tell) when to meet.
2. — Look! Everything here is under construction.
— What’s the pretty small house that_______________(build) for?
3. He_______________(regard) as the best doctor in town.
4. You_______________(expect) to be there on time.
5. You_______________(tell) many times not to make the same mistake.
6. These oranges_______________(taste) nice.
7. Many old houses around our school_______________(pull down) next year and a large green area will appear.
8. — My watch_______________(lose).
— Don’t worry. Let’s go to the Lost & Found.
9. On May 30th, one bowl in the Ming dynasty (明朝)_______________(sell) at the price of 30.36 million Hong Kong dollars.
10. — Don’t litter the ground, boy. Look at the sign: Rubbish_______________(throw) into the dustbin.
— Sorry.
Task Two Choose the correct words to complete each sentence.
1. In some parts of the world, tea_______________with milk and sugar. (is served/severs)
2. — Have you moved into the new house?(https://www.daowen.com)
— Not yet, the rooms_______________. (are being painted/are painted)
3. I need one more stamp before my collection_______________. (has been completed/is completed)
4. The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that four-fifths of the tickets_______________. （was booked/had been booked)
5. Don’t worry about her. She_______________by her friends as soon as she arrives. (will be met/was met)
6. —_______________the sports meet might be put off.
— Yes. it all depends on the weather. (I’ve been told/I’ve told）
7. The girl was often heard_______________happily in her room. (to sing/sings)
8. — What do you think of the book?
— Oh, excellent. It’s worth_______________a second time. (reading/being read)
9. The squirrel was lucky that it just missed_______________. （being caught/to catch)
10. Her homework_______________when I got home. (has not been finished/had not been finished)
Grammar Bank
Task One Choose the best answer for each of the sentences.
1. The new suspension bridge________by the end of last month.
A. has been designed B. had been designed
C. was designed D. would be designed
2. Great changes________in the city, and a lot of factories________.
A. have been taken place, have been set up
B. have taken place, have been set up
C. have taken place, have set up
D. were taken place, were set up
3. — Look! Everything here is under construction.
— What’s the pretty small house that________for?
A. is being built B. has been built
C. is built D. is building
4. The problem________this evening.
A. will discuss B. is going to discuss
C. is to be discussed D. is discussed
5. I have no more letters________, thank you.
A. to type B. typing
C. to be typed D. typed
6. Take care! Don’t drop the ink on your shirt, for it________easily.
A. won’t wash out B. won’t be washed out
C. isn’t washed out D. isn’t washing out
7.________many times, the boy still didn’t know how to do the exercises.
A. Having taught B. Having been taught
C. Taught D. Teaching
8. As soon as we got to the airport, we found that the plane________.
A. had already taken off B. already took off
C. was already taking off D. was already taken off
9. The new hall is the tallest building in this town.________from here?
A. Can it see B. Can it be seen C. Can it seen D. Can see
10. Mary realized she________.
A. was making fun of B. was made fun
C. was being made fun of D. was being made fun
Task Two Change the following sentences into the passive voice.
1. They will say nothing more about this matter.
2. They have made some flowers of silk.
3. He wrote a poem.
4. The students are planting some trees and flowers.
5. They are to open up a new business next week.
6. Children couldn’t have done all this damage.
7. All of us will see him off at the airport.
8. They feed the tigers at the zoo three times a day.
9. We made Zhang Hong our monitor.
10. People say that she is a good teacher.
Task Three Change the following sentences into the active voice.
1. Your homework should be handed in on time.
2. The window might have been broken by Tom.
3. The workers were made to work all day by the boss.
4. He is often heard to sing this song in the next room.
5. Our classroom is kept clean by us.
6. A new book was given to me as a present on my birthday by my mother.
7. The old man is well looked after by the nurse.
8. This new word can be looked up in the dictionary.
9. It is considered wiser to hand in the report.
10. By whom was this story written?