Lecture 4 考古遗址
Word Tips
Turkey n.土耳其 inhabitant n.居民；居住者
Neolithic Period 新石器时代 obsidian n.黑曜石
flake v.剥落；成片状剥落 rectangular adj.矩形的；成直角的
hatchway n.天窗 diagonal adj.斜的；对角线的
plaster n.石膏；灰泥 hearth n.灶台；壁炉
Listen to the following recording and answer questions 1-3.
1）A.art in the Neolithic period
B.the site of a Neolithic town
C.methods of making stone tools
D.the domestication of plants and animals by early farmers
2）A.They were made of stone that came from Catalhoyuk.
B.They were among the sharpest tools available at the time.
C.They were often used in religious rituals.
D.They were used primarily for agriculture.
3）A.They were in the roof.
B.They were usually kept closed.
C.They were decorated with obsidian.
D.They stood opposite one another across narrow streets.
听力原文
OK，we’ve been talking about early agriculture in the near east.So let’s concentrate on one site and see what we can learn from it.Let’s look at Catalhoyuk.Ah... I’d better write that down.Catalhoyuk，that’s about as close as we get in English.It’s Turkish，really.The sites in modern day Turkey，and who knows what the original inhabitants called it.Anyway，uh ...Catalhoyuk wasn’t the first agricultural settlement in the near east，but it was pretty early，settled about 9000 years ago in the Neolithic period.And...umm... the settlement...ah...town really，lasted about a thousand years and grew to a size of about eight or ten thousand people.That certainly makes it one of the largest towns in the world at that time.One of the things that make the settlement of this size impressive is the time period.It’s the Neolithic，remember，the late Stone Age.So the people that lived there had only stone tools，no metals.So everything they accomplished，like building this town，they did with just stone，plus wood，bricks，that sort of thing.But you got to remember that it wasn’t just any stone they had，they had obsidian.And umm... obsidian is a black，volcanic，well，almost like glass.It flakes very nicely into really sharp points.The sharpest tools of the entire Stone Age were made of obsidian.And urrr... the people of Catalhoyuk got theirs from further inland，from central Turkey，traded for it，probably.
Anyway，what I wanna focus on is the way the town was built.The houses are all rectangular，one story made of sun dried bricks.But what’s really interesting is that there are no spaces between them，no streets in other words，and so generally no doors on the houses either.People walked around on the roofs and entered the house through a hatchway on the roof，down a wooden ladder.You can still see the diagonal marks of the ladders in the plaster on the inside walls.Once you were in the house，there would be one main room and a couple of small rooms for storage.The main room had the hearths，for cooking and for heat.It would’ve been pretty cold during the winters.And it also looks like they made their tools near the fire.There tends to be a lot of obsidian flakes and chips in the hearth ashes，but no chimney.The smoke just went out the same hatchway that people used for going in and out themselves.
Questions：
1.What is the lecture mainly about？
2.What does the professor imply about the tools used by the people of Catalhoyuk？
3.What does the professor say about the entrances to the houses in Catalhoyuk？
参考译文
好的，我们一直在聊近东早期农业。因此，让我们聚焦于一个遗址，看看我们可以学到什么。我们来看一下“恰塔霍裕克”。我还是把这个词语写下来。最接近的英语拼写是Catalhoyuk，这其实是土耳其语。这是一个位于现在的土耳其的遗址，最初的居民是怎么称呼这个地方也无从所知。言归正传，呃……恰塔霍裕克并不是近东地区的第一个农业定居点，但也是相当早的一个，可以追溯到约9000年前新石器时代。而且……嗯……这个定居点呢……啊……也就是这个小镇呢，大约持续了一千多年，人口一度增长到八千甚至一万人。这当然使得它成为当时世界最大的城镇之一。其中一件使得这样大规模的定居点令人印象深刻的事情之一是所处时间。记住，那是新石器时期，即石器时代晚期。所以，住在这里的人只有石器，还没有金属工具。所以他们完成的所有工作，比如建成这个小镇，都是用石头和木头、砖块等完成的。但是，你要谨记，并不说他们只有普通的石头，他们还有黑曜石。嗯……黑曜石是黑色的火山石，就像玻璃一样。从黑曜石上剥落的石片能刚好做成锋利的矛头。整个石器时代最锋利的工具就是由黑曜石制成的。恰塔霍裕克的人们拥有的黑曜石很可能是从遥远的内陆，也就是从土耳其中部贸易交换而来。
不管怎样，我想重点谈的是这座城市是怎样修建的。房屋都是矩形的，只有一层，用晒干的砖头修成。但真正有趣的是，房屋之间没有间隙，换句话说就是没有街道。因此房屋也没有门。人们在屋顶行走，从屋顶通过天窗进出，由木梯上下。你现在还可以看到梯子留在石膏内壁上的对角线标志。当你进入房子内部，你会看到一个主室和一些用于储存的小屋。主室有壁炉，用于烹饪和取暖，冬天就不会那么寒冷。他们似乎会在火堆附近制作工具。壁炉的灰烬中很容易发现很多黑曜石的碎片或碎屑。可是，房屋没有烟囱。烟从人们进出的同一条通道排出去。
参考答案
1.B 2.B 3.A