Report 1 美国犯罪问题聚焦
Wors Tips
recede v.减弱 beret n.贝雷帽
respectively adv.分别地，各自 spectacularly adv.惊人地
criminologist n.犯罪学者 plausible adj.似乎有理的，似乎可信的
lead-poisoningn.铅中毒 immobilizer n.防盗控制系统
reckon v.认为 purge v.净化，清除
fraud n.欺诈
Newark n.纽瓦克市（位于美国新泽西州）
Listen to the following recording and answer questions 1-3.
1）A.crimes in the US
B.qualities of American municipal governments
C.police in New York
D.a teacher in Newark
2）A.Murder is now more serious than at any time since the end of the 1950s.
B.Violent crime and murder increased both in Newark and New York last year.
C.Violent crime and murder have been decreased in America and across the rich world.
D.Violent crime decreased by 4.4% between 2012 and 2013 but has been increasing since last year.
3）A.less lead-poisoning B.rise of car immobilizers
C.the geographical location of the city D.poor quality of the local government
听力原文
BETWEEN getting out of his car and starting work in the morning，Bashir Akinyele，a beret-wearing history teacher in Newark，New Jersey，passes the sites of two murders.
“I’ve been a teacher for 20 years，”says Mr Akinyele.“And in that time，I’ve lost 38 students.”
Weequahic is only 30 minutes’ drive from Manhattan，but a world apart.In 1991 Newark and New York City had roughly the same murder rate：32 and 29 per 100，000 respectively.But by last year New York’s rate had fallen to four and Newark’s had jumped to 40，according to the latest data published on November 14th by the FBI.
Over the past 20 years，crime has fallen spectacularly in America and across the rich world.The FBI data suggest it is still falling：violent crime decreased by 4.4% between 2012 and 2013，and murder is now less common than at any time since the end of the 1950s.Criminologists have countless plausible theories to explain this，ranging from less lead-poisoning to the rise of car immobilisers.Yet the difference between cities such as Newark，which remain dangerous，and those like New York，which are safe，suggests a somewhat subtler explanation.
One possible explanation is the varying quality of local government.In New York and Los Angeles，reformers such as Rudy Giuliani，who was New York’s mayor in the 1990s，and Bill Bratton—chief of police in both cities at different times—forced cops out of their cars，adopted data-driven policing and tried to make public spaces feel safe.They reckoned that residents had to trust the police for crime to fall—which meant purging corruption—and that criminals had to be deprived of convenient places to hang out.
In Newark，by contrast，Sharpe James，the mayor until 2006，was imprisoned in 2008 on fraud charges.His successor，Cory Booker，now a Democratic senator，did much to attract investment into downtown Newark，and managed for a short time to reduce crime and overhaul the police department；but the money ran out，and he later had to cut the force sharply.
Questions：
1.What is the report mainly about？
2.What does the FBI data suggest？
3.According to the report，what is the possible explanation for the high crime rate in Newark？
参考译文
Bashir Akinyele，一个戴着贝雷帽的新泽西州纽瓦克市的历史老师，早上在离开他的车去工作的过程中，经过两个谋杀案的现场。
“我做老师已经20年了”，Akinyele先生说，“在这期间，我失去了38名学生。”
Weequahic距离曼哈顿只有三十分钟的车程，但是却是两个世界。在1991年纽瓦克市和纽约有差不多的谋杀率，分别是3.2%和2.9%。但是根据美国联邦调查局11月14号颁布的最新数据，去年纽约的谋杀率已经降到了0.4%但是纽瓦克市的谋杀率却上升到了4%。
在过去的20年，美国和富有地区的犯罪率明显降低。美国联邦调查局的数据显示犯罪率还在降低：暴力犯罪率在2012到2013年间下降了4.4%，现在的谋杀率是自19世纪50年代末以来历史最低。犯罪学家有无数的貌似可行的理论来解释这个现象，从更少的铅中毒到更多的汽车防盗器。现在纽瓦克市这类仍然很危险的城市和纽约这种安全的城市之间的差别在一定程度上表明了微妙的解释。
一个可行的解释是地方政府的质量不同。在纽约和洛杉矶，Rudy Giuliani（1990年担任纽约的市长）和Bill Bratton（在不同的时间担任过两个城市的警长）这类的改革者命令警察到他们警车以外的地方，采取数据驱动政策并且努力使公共区域感到安全。他们希望居民相信警察能够使犯罪率降低，这意味着清除腐败，以及犯罪者会从方便大家闲逛的地方被清除。
相反，在纽瓦克市，2006年以前的市长Sharpe James，在2008年因被指控欺诈而锒铛入狱。他的继任者Cory Booker，现在是民主党参议员，做了很多事情吸引对纽瓦克市中心的投资，并曾经有段时间成功地减少了犯罪、翻修了警局。但是钱被用光了，后来他不得不大量减少这些措施的力度。
参考答案
1.A 2.C 3.D