Report 4 欧洲遭遇能源危机
Wors Tips
revenue n.收益 topup充气，加油
distributor n.经销商 pump v.充气
traverse v.穿过 bypass v.绕开
terminal n.终端 shale n.页岩
reserve n.储量 liquefiednaturalgas（LNG）液化天然气
contingencyplan应急计划 hotair吹牛，说大话
Listen to the following recording and answer questions 1-3.
1）A.75 billion B.115 billion C.155 billion D.200 billion
2）A.Last winter was mild.
B.Further topping-up was conducted over the summer.
C.European energy distributors has found alternative supplies.
D.Japan reopened some nuclear plants.
3）A.The Russian government relies so much on the revenues from gas exports.
B.Norway is rich in gas resources.
C.Of all the LNG imported，only 20% is in use.
D.Measures have been conducted to reduce long-term dependence on Russia.
听力原文
Russia provides one-third of the gas that other European countries rely on to heat their homes，generate electricity and feed industry.So far the assumption among western European governments and industrial gas users is that even if relations with Russia worsen further，there is little danger of a complete and long-term cut in supplies，since Russia’s government is so dependent on the revenues from gas exports.
However，a short-term interruption in the coming months，as winter descends，is not so unthinkable.Fortunately，most European countries would be able to struggle through.Their gas-storage facilities are about 90% full，since last winter was mild and they did a bit of further topping-up over the summer.Last year Europe imported 155 billion cubic metres（bcm） of Russian gas；stocks currently stand at 75bcm.So European energy distributors would have a few months’ grace to find alternative supplies.
Norway，a big producer，could pump a bit more.China’s slowing economy and Japan’s reopening of some nuclear plants will mean more liquefied natural gas（LNG） is available on spot markets，though it is costly.Europe has the capacity to import more than 200bcm of LNG a year，of which just 20% is in use.Contingency plans being drawn up by the EU are also said to include cutting gas to industry to preserve supplies for heating homes and generating power.
Half of Europe’s imports of gas come down pipes that traverse Ukraine，and Russia has cut their flow several times since 2006 over price disputes with the Ukrainians.If it did so again，it might pump more gas down pipelines that bypass Ukraine.Trouble is，these do not reach those countries most dependent on Russian gas，such as Hungary，Bulgaria，the Baltic States and Finland.
EU countries are making some preparations for short-term cut-offs but almost nothing has been done to reduce long-term reliance on Russia.There is much that could be done：governments could encourage the building of more cross-border pipelines to connect customers to sources of supply，including the underused LNG import terminals；more storage capacity could be provided；and those countries with shale reserves could get fracking.So far all that has been produced is hot air，and not the useful kind.
Questions：
1.How many cubic meters of gas did Europe import from Russia last year？
2.Which is NOT the reason why most European countries can struggle through the short-term cut in supplies？
3.Which of the following is NOT true according to the report？
参考译文
欧洲国家依赖天然气供暖、发电、为工厂提供能源，这些天然气有 1/3 是由俄罗斯提供的。目前，西欧各国的政府和工业燃气商推测，即使欧洲和俄罗斯的关系进一步恶化，长期的彻底停气的可能性也是很小的。因为俄罗斯很需要燃气出口带来的收入。
然而，在未来几个月的冬天里出现一个短期的供气中断是完全有可能的。好在欧洲有能力挺过一个短暂的停气期。由于去年冬天比较温和，同时欧洲在今年夏天又进一步增加了储气量。现在储气设备的储气量大概已达到90%。去年，欧洲从俄罗斯进口了1550亿立方米天然气，到现在为止的剩余存量还有750亿立方米。所以欧洲的能源经销商在未来几个月内有充足的时间去寻找替代供应源。
挪威盛产天然气，它可以适量增加对欧盟的供应量。中国的经济增长放缓，日本核工厂开始重建，这些因素都会使得现货市场上天然气的供应量增加，虽然不是免费的。欧洲每年最多可以进口超过2000亿立方米液化天然气，但是其中只有20%投入使用。据说，欧盟制定的应急计划还包括这样一项：为了保障家用暖气和电力的正常供应，会削减工业燃气的供应量。
欧洲进口的天然气有一半是从横穿乌克兰的管道输入的，自2006年乌俄就天然气价格发生争执以来，俄罗斯曾多次中断过这条管道的天然气流。如果这次俄罗斯手段照旧，那么它应该会增加其他绕行乌克兰的管道的天然气流量。但是问题是，这些管道并不能到达那些最依赖俄罗斯供气的国家，如匈牙利、保加利亚、波罗的海诸国和芬兰。
欧盟国家正在为短期供气中断做准备，但是目前并没有采取任何措施来减轻欧盟对俄罗斯的长期依赖。其实有很多可以做的：政府可以鼓励开通更多的跨境管道，开发利用率不高的液化天然气进口港，从而连接资源的供应方和需求方；增大天然气储备能力；页岩储量丰富的国家可以加工油页岩以开发能源。到目前为止，欧洲所做的仅仅是夸夸其谈，而并无实事。
参考答案
1.C 2.C 3.D