Lecture 2 音乐课堂
Wors Tips
genre n.流派；种类 patronage n.赞助；光顾
patron n.顾客；资助者 instrument n.乐器
transverseflute〔音〕横笛 clarinet n.单簧管；黑管
organ n.风琴 harpsichord n.有键竖琴
expressiveness n.表达能力；表现力 coincide v.同时发生；相同
harp n.竖琴 refinement n.优雅
composer n.（尤指古典音乐的）创作者；作曲者
Listen to the following recording and answer questions 1-4.
1）A.professional pianists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
B.the influence of the piano on music and society
C.a comparison of the piano and harpsichord
D.a comparison of musical styles before and after the invention of the piano
2）A.the preferences of particular patrons
B.the low numbers of available instruments
C.increases in the number of music schools
D.reductions in the costs of producing instruments
3）A.It was invented in Italy in 1709.
B.It was invented in France in the Middle Ages.
C.It was invented in Austria in the 19th century.
D.It was invented in the United States in the 19th century.
4）A.It affected the lives of women in the 19th century.
B.It greatly affected the social structure.
C.It affected the population growth.
D.It led to the Enlightenment Movement.
听力原文
Up until now in our discussions and readings about the broken early classical periods，we’ve been talking about the development of musical styles and genres within the relatively narrow social context of its patronage by the upper classes.Composers，after all，had to earn a living and those who were employed in the services of a specific patron，well，I don’t have to spell it out for you，the likes and dislikes of that patron，this would’ve had an effect on what was being composed and performed.Now，of course，there were many other influences on composers，um，such as the technical advances we’ve seen in the development of some of the instruments，uh，you remember the transverse flute，the clarinet and so on.
But I think if I were asked to identify a single crucial development in European music of this time，it would be the invention of the piano，which，interestingly enough also had a significant effect on European society of that time.And I’ll get to that in a minute.Now，as we know，keyboard instruments existed long before the piano - the organ，which dates back to the Middle Ages，as do other keyboard instruments，such as the harpsichord which is still popular today with some musicians.But none of these has had as profound an impact as the piano.
Um，the piano was invented in Italy in 1709.This brand new instrument，capable of producing loud and soft tones，greatly expanded the possibilities for conveying emotion.This capacity for increased expressiveness，in fact，was essential to the Romantic style that dominated 19th century music.
Um，before we get back to the musical impact of this development，I wanna take a look at the social impact that I mentioned earlier.Now，in the late 1700s and the earlier 1800s，the development of the piano coincided with the growth of the middle class in Western Europe.Of course folk music，traditional songs and dances had always been part of everyday life.But as mass production techniques were refined in the 19th century，the price of pianos dropped to the point that a larger proportion of the population could afford to own them.As pianos became more available，they brought classical music，the music which previously had been composed only for the upper classes，into the lives of the middle class people as well.
One way in particular that we can see the social impact of this instrument is its role in the lives of women of the time.Previously，it was quite rare for a woman to perform on anything，but maybe a harp or maybe she sang.But suddenly in the 19th century it became quite acceptable，even，to some extent，almost expected for a middle-class European woman to be able to play the piano，partly because among upper-middle class women it was a sign of refinement.But it was also an excellent way for some women to earn money by giving piano lessons.And some women，those few who had exceptional talent and the opportunity to develop it，their lives were dramatically affected.
Questions：
1.What is the lecture mainly about？
2.What does the professor mention as influences on musical styles before the invention of the piano？
3.Where and when was the piano invented？
4.What social impact of the piano does the professor mention？
参考译文
目前在我们对古典音乐早期的阅读与讨论中，我们讨论了在上层阶级资助的相对有限的社会背景下音乐风格和流派的发展。毕竟作曲家要糊口，受雇于某一个资助人。嗯，我不想细讲像出资人的偏好这样的内容了，他们的喜好给作曲和演奏带来了影响。现在，当然还有许多其他的因素给作曲家带来影响，嗯，比如我们已经了解过在乐器（如横笛、黑管等）发展过程中技术的提高带来的影响。
但我想如果让我指出欧洲音乐在那段时期的一个关键发展，那会是钢琴的发明。有趣的是，这对当时欧洲社会也产生了重要影响。稍后我们会讲到。现在，正如我们所知，键盘乐器在钢琴出现前就存在很长时间了，比如风琴可追溯到中世纪，其他的键盘乐器比如至今仍受到一些音乐家欢迎的羽管钢琴也是如此。但它们的影响都不像钢琴那么深远。
嗯，钢琴是1709年在意大利发明的。这个能制造响亮轻柔调子的崭新乐器拓展了人们表达情感的方式。这种提升表现力的能力实际上是浪漫主义这种音乐形式在19世纪大行其道中不可或缺的重要因素。
嗯，在我们讲这一发展对音乐产生的影响之前，我想先谈谈我刚才说到的对社会的影响。现在，在18世纪末19世纪初，钢琴的发展与西欧中产阶级的发展同步。当然，民谣和传统歌舞还是日常生活的一部分。但到了19世纪，随着大规模生产技术的提高，钢琴价格降低，以至于很多人都能拥有一架钢琴。随着钢琴越来越普及，曾经只为上层阶级谱写的古典音乐也进入到中产阶级人民的生活中。
我们特别能通过钢琴在女性生活中的地位来看看这个乐器带来的社会影响。在过去，极少有女性演奏乐器，她们可能也就演奏竖琴或者唱歌。但突然到了19世纪，女性演奏乐器被社会接受，甚至在一定程度上，人们几乎期望一个中产阶级出身的女孩儿能演奏钢琴，这是因为演奏钢琴在中产阶级女性中间是一种优雅的标志。不过对于一些女性来说，教钢琴也是很好的赚钱手段。对于一些拥有出众的才能和机会提升技艺的女性，她们的生活也受到极大的影响。
参考答案
1.B 2.A 3.D 4.A