五、结 语

五、结 语

综上所述,本特利是一位持开放心态的现代主义史学家,无论政治史的书写抑或史学史理论的反思,无不显示其比较眼光和兼容并蓄的治史精神。在英国史学现代性问题上,本特利希望找到一种阐释“辉格史学”向“现代主义史学”转型的叙事模式,挖掘了英国本土浪漫主义史学叙事的特征,主张传统认识论向历史“本真性”(authenticity)回归;在叙述辉格派史学现代转型时,他强调了制度建设,期刊、学派、档案文献、治史方法、课程设置等要素。在反思史学史性质方面,本特利认为史学史写作遵循一套自我解说规则,不是对实际发生的过去做叙事性解释,而是阐明这种“解释”如何随时间发生变化,兼有“历史编纂学”与“文献学”的特征,历史解释倾向思想史的情境分析,这套理性行动解释模式契合了历史学自主性论题。此外,本特利重视叙述政治精英的活动,强调政治事件的修辞特性,致力于剖析由档案、演讲、书信、日记等文献构筑的政治观念,进而展示事件与思想的连续性,凸显了史学思想与政治情境之间的互动关系。

原刊《史学理论与史学史学刊》2017年第17卷

【注释】

[1]张小忠,江西师范大学历史文化与旅游学院讲师。

[2]Georg.G.Iggers, “The Professionalization of Historical Studies and the Guiding Assumptions of Modern Historical Thought”,Lloyd Kramer, Sarah Maza, eds., A Companion to Western Historcial Thought, Blackwell Publishers, 2002, pp.225—241.

[3]Peter Burke, ed., History and Historians in the Twentieth Century, Oxford University Press, 2002, pp.230—231.

[4]J.R.Hale, The evolution of British Historiography from Bacon to Namier, 1967; J.W.Burrow, A Liberal Descent: Victorican historians and the English Past,1981; Joseph M.Levine, Humanism and History: Origins of Modern English Historiography, 1985; Christopher Parker, The English historical Tradition since 1850, 1990; The English Idea of History from Coleridge to Collingwood, 2000; Reba Soffer, Discipline and Power: the University, History, and the Making of an English Elite, 1994; Walter L.Arnstein, ed., Recent Historians of Great Britain: Essays on the Post—1945 Generation, 1990.

[5]Theodore S.Hamerow, Reflections on History and Historian, University of Wisconsin Press, 1987; Peter Novick, That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American historical Profession, Cambridge University Press,1988; Ernst Breisach, American Progressive History: an Experiment in Modernization, University of Chicago Press, 1993; Joyec Appleby, Lynn Hunt, Telling the Truth About History, W.W.Norton& Company,1995; James M.Banner, Being a Historian: an Introduction to the Professional World of History, Cambridge University Press, 2012.

[6]Christopher Parker,“English Historians and the Opposition to Positivism”, History and Theory, Vol.22, No.2 (May, 1983), pp.120—145.

[7]Keith Jenkins, Re-thinking History, 1991;On ‘What is History?’ From Carr and Elton to Rorty and White, 1995; Why History?:Ethics and Postmodernity, 1999; Refiguring History: New Thoughts on an Old Dicipline, 2003; Alun Munslow, Decon structin History, 1997; The New History, 2003; A History of History, 2012等;他们还共同编著了The Nature of History Reader, 2004。

[8]沃尔夫认为,传统观点将史学史视为欧洲史的题材,为了挑战史学史的欧洲中心论及神学思想,他以编年方式“全球扫描”欧洲、非洲、美洲及亚洲等地域的史学状况,论题涉及广泛,是近年来集合众力撰述的一部全球史学史。Danierl Woolf, “Foreword”, The Oxford History of Historical Writing, Oxford Universtiy Press, 2011, pp.ix-xii.

[9]Michael Bentley, Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism(1870—1970), Cambridge University Press, 2005.譬如,彼得·高希认为,此论著倘若未被推荐,但无论如何可视为本特利现代主义信仰的例证而受欢迎;研究路径遵从了“高端政治”的理论与方法,史学概念含糊,即便如此,该书表现了本特利思想的虔诚。Peter Ghosh, Review.“Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism, 1870—1970”, The English Historical Review, Vol.121, No.494 (Dec., 2006), pp.1509—1512.彼得·斯塔斯基认为,该书虽然引证了大量论著、私信、档案等文献,是一部资料翔实的史学史作品;不过,该书鲜谈史学理论问题。Peter Stansky, Review.“Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the age of Modernism (1870—1970)”, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol.38, No.3 (Winter, 2008), pp.449—450.同样,西蒙·古尼(Simon Gunn)指出,本特利虽然开拓了史学研究的重要领域,但现代主义的定义却异常含糊,较少关注现代主义的文化维度或学者的理论争议,社会史与马克思主义史学被轻描淡写地对待。Simon Gunn, Review.“Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the age of Modernism (1870—1970)”, Journal of British Studies, Vol.46, No.4 (Oct., 2007), pp.990—992.

[10]克勒格尔(Don M.Cregier)认为,本特利是英国“高端政治派”(High Politics School)政治史专家,该派由剑桥大学考林创立,纳米尔是他们的教父。《自由党的思想》使用这项技巧有效地表明20世纪20年代自由党领袖的决策如何适得其反。Don M.Cregier, Review.“The Climax of Liberal Politics: British Liberalism in Theory and Practice, 1868—1918”, Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies, Vol.20, No.3 (Autumn, 1996), pp.504—505.

[11]Richard Brent, “Βutterfield’ s Tories:‘High Politics’ s and the Writing of Modern British Politcial History”, The Historcial Journal, Vol.30, No.4 (Dec., 1987), pp.943—954.

[12]Michael Bentley, Modern Historiography: An Introduction, London: Routledge, 1999, p.1.

[13]Michael Bentley, ed., Companion to Historiography, Routledge, 1997, p.ix.

[14]Michael Bentley, Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism(1870—1970), Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.12.

[15]Michael Bentley, Modern Historiography: An Introduction, London: Routledge, 1999, p.vii.

[16]Michael Bentley, The Life and Thought of Herbert Butterfield: History, Science and God, Cambridge University Press, 2011, p.304.

[17]芮芭·索弗(Reba N.Soffer)指出,二战后英国史学存在一种有趣现象,新生代保守主义史家(譬如迈克尔·本特利、菲利普·威廉森)多受教于彼得豪斯(Peterhouse),他们恪守“高端政治”派的治学理念与方法,批评左派史家过多强调普通人、性别与话语的社会、经济及文化意涵,坚信这类研究形塑了当下及未来政策的务实评价;颇具反讽的是,这些保守主义史家却对左派政治和意识形态构建的现实政治世界置若罔闻。由此,索弗亦将出自彼得豪斯的“高端政治”学派部分成员称作“彼得豪斯史学派”。参见Reba N.Sο☆er, History, Historians and Conservatism in Britain and America: the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan, Oxford University Press, 2009, p.301.不过,大卫·克雷格(David M.Crag)认为,两个学派存在方法论分歧,后者代表了一种“新政治史”的书写范式,“彼得豪斯史学派”与柯林武德、奥克肖特(M.Oakeshott)、马克·贝娄(Mark Bevir)之间存在更多的思想亲缘关系。参见David M.Craig, “‘High Politics’ and the ‘New Political History’”, The historical Journal, Vol.53, No.2 (June 2010), pp.453—475.同样,本特利则批评索弗用“激进的”“保守主义”等术语任意概述英国史学,未免有失妥当,因为单一的政治话语不足以展示像巴特菲尔德那般史家思想的复杂性;“与其说大多数英国史家维系保守主义传统,毋宁说恪守自由主义传统”。参见Michael Bentley, Review.,“History, Historians and Conservatism in Britain and America: the Great War to Thatcher and Reagan”, The English Historical Review, Vol.125, No.514 (June 2010), pp.784—785。

[18]柯林武德:《历史的观念》(增补版),何兆武、张文杰、陈新译,北京:北京大学出版社,2010年,第212页。

[19]柯林武德:《历史的观念》(增补版),何兆武、张文杰、陈新译,北京:北京大学出版社,2010年,第374页。

[20]柯林武德:《历史的观念》(增补版),何兆武、张文杰、陈新译,北京:北京大学出版社,2010年,第448页。

[21]David Boucher, Texts in Context: Revisionist Methods for Studying the History of Ideas, Dordreccht: Μartinus Nijhο☆ Publishers, 1985, p.10.

[22]约翰·布罗:《历史的历史:从远古到20世纪的历史书写》,黄煜文译,桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2012年,第10页。

[23]Michael Bentley, Modern Historiography: An Introduction, London: Routledge, 1999,pp.159—160.

[24]哈多克:《历史思想导论》,王加丰译,北京:华夏出版社,1989年,第131—132页。

[25]Michael Bentley, Modern Historiography: An Introduction, London: Routledge, 1999, p.26.

[26]Michael Bentley, Modern Historiography: An Introduction, London: Routledge, 1999, p.27.

[27]Michael Bentley, Modern Historiography: An Introduction, London: Routledge, 1999, p.28.

[28]David Carr, Experience and History: Phenomenological Perspectives on the Historical World, Oxford Universitiy Press, p.209.

[29]David Carr, Experience and History: Phenomenological Perspectives on the Historical World, Oxford Universitiy Press, p.230.

[30]Michael Bentley, “Past and ‘Presence’: Revisiting Historical Ontology”, History and Theory, Vol.45, No.3 (Oct., 2006), pp.349—361.

[31]亚历山大·布罗迪编:《苏格兰启蒙运动》,贾宁译,杭州:浙江大学出版社,2010年,第248页。

[32]Michael Bentley, “Shape and Pattern in British Historcial Writing(1815—1945)”, Stuart Macintyre, Juna Maiguashca ,Attial Pók, eds., The Oxford History of Historical Writing(1800—1945), Oxford University Press, 2011, pp.204—223.

[33]Mark Goldie,“Fifty Years of the ‘Historical Journal’”, The Historical Journal, Vol.51, No.4 (Dec., 2008), pp.821—855.

[34]Lyndal Roper and Chris Wickham,“Past and Present after Fifty Years”, Past &Present, No.176 (Aug., 2002), pp.3—6.

[35]康纳丁指出,大学聘用史学专业教职数在1900年是30人,一战前为200人,1939年不足390人,而到1960年上升至1300名全职教师,1970年已达到1700人。David Cannadine, “British History: Past, Present-and Future?”, Past & Present, No.116 (Aug., 1987), pp.169—191.

[36]Michael Bentley, Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism(1870—1970), Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.10.

[37]托马斯·库恩:《科学革命的结构》,金吾伦、胡新和译,北京:北京大学出版社,2003年,第78页。

[38]Michael Bentley, Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism(1870—1970), Cambridge University Press, 2005, p.225.

[39]Michael Bentley, “British Historical Writing”,Axel Schneider, Daniel Woolf, eds., The Oxford History of Historical Writing: 1945 to the Present, Oxford University Press, 2011, pp.219—310.

[40]加尔金:《欧美近代现代史学史》(下卷),董进泉译,合肥:安徽教育出版社,1986年,第254—255页。

[41]J.A.Raftis “British Historiography Decentralizes”, Journal of British Studies, Vol.9, No.1 (Nov., 1969), pp.143—151.

[42]Michael Bentley, Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism(1870—1970), Cambridge University Press, 2006, p.220.

[43]Michael Bentley, Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism(1870—1970), Cambridge University Press, 2006, p.139.

[44]Keith Jenkins, On ‘What is History?’: From Carr and Elton to Rorty and White, Routledge,1995, pp.6—7.

[45]在检视史家有关维多利亚时代的叙事时,本特利指出“语言转向”带给史学研究的冲击,叙事路径由结构转向后结构,这种路径挑明了文化的政治意涵,但需警惕后结构裹挟的亚文化和表面的非连续性,尤其单薄的历史叙事易营造丰富的幻觉和想象的语境。Michael Bentley,“Victorian Politcis and the Linguistic Turn”, The Historical Jouranl, Vol.42, No.3 (Sep, 1999), pp.883—902.

[46]Michael Bentley, Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism(1870—1970), Cambridge University Press, 2006, p.228.

[47]Michael Bentley, Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism(1870—1970), Cambridge University Press, 2006, p.220.

[48]Stefan Berger, Heiko Feldner, Kevin Passmor, Writing History: Theory & Practice, Oxford University Press, 2003, p.38.

[49]Michael Bentley, Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism(1870—1970), Cambridge University Press, 2006, p.23.

[50]Michael Bentley, Modern Historiography: An Introduction, London: Routledge, 1999, pp.39—40.

[51]Michael Bentley, Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism(1870—1970), Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp.204—205.

[52]Michael Bentley,“Ηerbert Βutterfield and the Εthics οf Ηistοriοgraphy”, History and Theory, Vol.44, No.1 (Feb., 2005), pp.55—71.

[53]Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics: at the Accession of George III, The Mac Millam Press, 1957, pp.x-xi.

[54]Michael Bentley, Modernizing England’ s Past: English Historiography in the Age of Modernism(1870—1970), Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp.166—168.

[55]William Sta☆οrd, Review.,“Companion to Historiography”, The English Historical Review, Vol.113, No.452 (Jun., 1998), pp.691—692.

[56]P.R.Ghosh, Review., “Politics without Democary 1815—1914: Perception and Preoccupation in British Government”, The English Historcial Review, Vol.102, No.403(Apr.,1987), pp.518—519.

[57]D.R.Woolf,“The writing of Early Modern European Intellectual History (1945—1995)”, Michael Bentley, ed., Companion to Historiography, pp.295—296.

[58]David Boucher, Texts in Context: Revisionist Methods for Studying the History of Ideas, Dοrdreccht: Μartinus Nijhο☆ Publishers, 1985, p.93.

[59]Lawrence Stone, “Τhe Revival οf Narrative: Reflectiοns οn a New Old Ηistοry”, Past&Present, No.85 (Nov., 1979), pp.3—24; E.J.Hobsbawm, “The Revival of Narrative: Some Comments”, Past&Present, No.86 (Feb., 1979), pp.3—8.

[60]Michael Bentley, Politics without Democracy: Great Britain, 1815—1914, Perception and Preoccupation in British Government, Barnes&Noble Books, 1984, pp.14—15.

[61]Michael Bentley, The Liberal Mind (1914—1929), Cambridge University Press, 1977, p.219.

[62]Lydia Murdoch, Review., “Lord Salisbury’ s World: Conservative Environments in Late-Victorian Britain”, The Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol.34, No.3(Winter, 2004), pp.456—458.

[63]Michael Bentley, Lord Salisbury’ s World: Conservative Environments in Late-Victorian Britain, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p.105.

[64]Michael Bentley, Lord Salisbury’ s World: Conservative Environments in Late-Victorian Britain, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p.3.

[65]赫伯特·巴特菲尔德:《历史的辉格解释》,张岳明、刘北成译,北京:商务印书馆,2012年,第1页。

[66]Michael Bentley, Modern Historiography: An Introduction, London: Routledge, 1999, p.66.

[67]迈克尔·奥克肖特:《经验及其模式》,吴玉军译,北京:文津出版社,2004年,第102页。

[68]Michael Bentley, Modern Historiography: An Introduction, London: Routledge, 1999, p.126.