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The federal legislative body is the Parliament of Canada，which theoretically comprises the Governor⁃General of Canada（representing the monarch of the United Kingdom），the Senate，and the House of Commons.Members of the House of Commons are elected every five years unless the Prime Minister and his Cabinet resign，which then results in an early election.The number of seats in the House of Commons is divided between the 10 provinces and 3 territories according to their respective population.Members of the Senate are appointed by the Governor⁃General according to the advice of the Prime Minister，which in modern practice means that the Prime Minister decides Senate membership（i.e.，the role of the Governor⁃General is purely ceremonial）.

The House of Commons is the major lawmaking body in Parliament.Most bills originate in the House of Commons，although senators also can propose bills.All bills regarding government budget and taxation have to come from the House.

The role of the Senate includes studying，amending，and rejecting or approving bills passed by the House of Commons.Once appointed，Senators can hold office until they are required to retire at 75 years of age，unless they miss two consecutive sessions of Parliament.

All bills passed by Parliament must be approved by the Governor⁃General before they can become law.However，the function of the Governor⁃General today is ceremonial and he or she always acts according to the advice of the Prime Minister.