Notes to Chapter Four
1.See AUSTRIAN CIVIL CODE,arts.295-297; FRENCH CIVIL CODE,art.524; GERMAN CIVIL CODE,arts.926,1031,1062,1120; MARTIN WOLFF,PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 503 (2nd ed.,1950).
2.ARTHUR K.KUHN,COMPARATIVE COMMENTARIES ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 222 (1937).
3.WHARTON,F.A.,A TREATISE ON THE CONFLICT OF LAWS 278 (1925).
4.J.H.C.MORRIS,THE CONFLICT OF LAWS 314 (1993).
5.MARTIN WOLFF,PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 508 (2nd ed.,1950).
6.JOSEPH STORY,COMMENTARIES ON THE CONFLICT OF LAWS 384 (8th ed.,1834).
7.AMERICAN RESTATEMENT (FIRST) OF CONFLICT OF LAWS,s.255 et seq.(1934).
8.GUOJI SIFA [PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW] 269 (Huang Jin ed.,2nd ed.,2004).
9.MARTIN WOLFF,PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 522 (2nd ed.,1950).
10.Swiss Federal Code of Private International Law art.100 (2) (1987).
11.Tung-Pi Chen,Private International Law of the People’s Republic of China: An Overview,35 AM.J.COMP.L.,468,445,486 (1987).
12.Zuigao Renmin Fayuan Guanyu Shiyong Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Minfatongze Ruogan Wenti de Yijian [Supreme People’s Court,Opinions on Application of the General Principle of Civil Law of the People’s Republic of China],92 Zuigao Renmin Fayuan Gongbao 22[Bulletin of Supreme People’s Court] art.186 (1988) (PRC).
13.Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Haishangfa [MaritimeAct] art.270 (1993) (PRC).
14.Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Minyong Hangkongfa [Civil Aviation Act] art.186 (1993) (PRC).
15.Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Shewai Minshi Falvguanxi Shiyongfa [Act on the Application of Laws over Foreign-related Civil Relationships] art.36 (2010) (PRC).
16.Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Shewai Minshi Falvguanxi Shiyongfa [Act on the Application of Laws over Foreign-related Civil Relationships] art.8 (2010) (PRC).
17.Id.,at art.37.
18.Songxiao,Yisizizhi yu Wuquan Chongtufa [Party Autonomy and property conflicts],HUANQIUFALVPIBGLUN 1 [GLOBAL LAW REVIEW] 85-86(2012).
19.JAMES FAWCETT AND JANNE M.CARRUTHERS,CHESHIRE,NORTH & FAWCETT PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 1210 (14th ed.,2008).
20.Songxiao,Yisizizhi yu Wuquan Chongtufa [Party Autonomy and property conflicts],HUANQIUFALVPIBGLUN 1 [GLOBAL LAW REVIEW]85-86(2012).
21.Switzerland’s Federal Code on Private International Law,arts 100(2),104(1).(1987).
22.The Committee of Yunchun Village and the Committee Dongpu Village v.Oscar Van Overeem,Design & Consultancy B.V.and Design Consultancy Oscar van Overeem B.V.,the Sanming Intermediate People’s Court (2015) SanminChuzi No.626,Date of judgment: 4 December 2020.(https://www.daowen.com)
23.Zhengxin Huo,Court’s rule on stolen Buddha statue a milestone in judicial history,https：// news.cgtn.com/news/2020-12-11/Court-s-rule-on-stolen-Buddha-statue-a-milestone-in-judicial-history-W86sph1gMU/index.html.
24.Zhengxin Huo,the Chinese villages win a lawsuit in China to repatriate a Mummified Buddha Statue hold by a Dutch Collector,https：//conflictoflaws.net/2020/the-chinese-villages-win-a-lawsuit-in-china-to-repatriate-a-mummified-buddha-statue-hold-by-a-dutch-collector-what-role-has-private-internationallaw-played/
25.Du Huanfang,Zhongguo Shewai Wuquan Falvshiyongguize zhi Shiyong yu Wanshan [The Application and Reform of Chinese Property Conflicts],Aomen Faxue 5 [Macao Law Review]23 (2013).
26.Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Shewai Minshi Falvguanxi Shiyongfa [Act on the Application of Laws over Foreign-related Civil Relationships] art.39 (2010) (PRC).
27.MINFA[CIVIL LAW] 145 (Wang Liming ed.,2005).
28.Wenwen Liang,The Applicable Law to Rights in Rem Under the Act on the Law Applicable to Foreign Related Civil Relations of the People’s Republic of China,14 YEARBOOK OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 366 (Andrea Bonomi ed.,2013).
29.DICEY,MORRIS AND COLLINS ON THE CONFLICT OF LAWS 1294,1295 (L.Collins ed.,15th ed,2012).
30.SWITZERLAND’S FEDERAL CODE ON PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW,arts 105,106 (1987).
31.AMERICAN RESTATEMENT (SECOND)OF THE CONFLICT OF LAWS §216(1971),US UNIFORM COMMERCIAL CODE,8-102(a)15.
32.Zhengxin Huo,An Imperfect Improvement: The New Conflict of Laws Act of the People’s Republic of China 60 INT’L & COMP.L.Q.1084 (2011).
33.Christophe Bernasconi,The Hague Convention of 5 July 2006 on the Law Applicable to Certain Rights in Respect of Securities Held with an Intermediary,Seminar on Current Developments in Monetary and Financial Law Washington,D.C.,Oct.23-27,2006,at http：//www.imf.org/external/np/seminars/eng/ 2006/mfl/cb.pdf (last visited Oct.1,2016).
34.Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Minfadian [Civil Code] art.240 (2020) (PRC).
35.Wenwen Liang,The Applicable Law to Rights in Rem Under the Act on the Law Applicable to Foreign Related Civil Relations of the People’s Republic of China,14 YEARBOOK OF PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 367 (Andrea Bonomi ed.,2013).
36.Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Minfadian [Civil Code] art.440 (2020) (PRC).
【注释】
[1]See BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 1335 (Bryan A.Garner ed.,9th ed.,2009).However,this definition is open to challenge.In Roman law,property is defined as follows: “ius utendi et abutendi re sua,quatenus iuris ratio patitur,“ which means the right to use and abuse a thing,within the limits of the law” (Justinian,Code 4,35,21).One modern book on property law states: When a layman is asked to define “property,” he is likely to say that “property” is something tangible “owned” by a natural person (or persons),a corporation,or a unit of government.But such a response is inaccurate from a lawyer’s viewpoint for at least two reasons: (1) it confuses “property” with the various subjects of “property” and (2) it fails to recognize that even the subjects of property may be intangible.For a lawyer,“property” is not a “thing” at all,although “things” are the subject of property.Rather,as Jeremy Bentham asserted,property is a legally protected “expectation of being able to draw such or such an advantage from the thing” in question.See R.A.CUNNINGHAM,W.B.STOEBUCK & D.A.WHITMAN,THE LAW OF PROPERTY 1 (1984).
[2]Nevertheless,objections have been raised to each of these.It has been argued that the domicile of the owner is not a suitable criterion of the law to govern a mercantile transaction; the law of the stipulated place of destination,though an appropriate choice in many circumstances,suffers from the disadvantage that it may be and frequently is altered during the course of transit.The law of the place of dispatch,is not well adapted to govern a transfer effected abroad when the transit is nearing completion.PETER NORTH & J.J.FAWCETT,CHESHIRE AND NORTH’S PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW 136 (13th ed.,1999).
[3]Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Minfa Tongze [GPCL] art.144 (1986) (PRC).This doctrine also applies to real property in intestate succession.According to Article 149,in intestate succession,movable property shall be governed by the law of the decedent’s last place of domicile,and immovable property shall be governed by the law of the place where the property is located.
[4]This Article provides that in disputes involving the ownership of immovables,the law of the place where the property is situated shall apply.
[5]This chapter does not provide an article to regulate the law governing the means of transportation.This is mainly because the Maritime Act and the Civil Aviation Act contain such articles.
[6]Article 116 of the Civil Code of the PRC provides that “[T]he categories of real rights and their contents shall be prescribed by law”.Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Minfadian [Civil Code] art.116(2020) (PRC).
[7]See Chapter Two of Part Four of the Book,pp.156-157.