衰落前夕

衰落前夕

著名的政治现实主义者、已故的罗伯特·吉尔平(Robert Gilpin)认为,伴随着大国及其秩序的衰落,会出现某种知识腐败,这种腐败既是症状也是催化剂:

占统治地位的民族通常相信,他们(或者更确切地说,他们的祖先)创造的世界是正确的、天然的、上帝赋予的。对这样一个民族来说,认为世界是由他们统治并拥有特权的想法可能是不可思议的。他们理所当然地认为,现状的优点与益处是如此明显,所有理性的人都会认可它的价值并支持它的延续。怀着这样的心态,他们既不会为崛起的挑战者的正当要求让步,也不会为保卫其受到威胁的世界做出必要的牺牲。45

这并不是对当下时刻的准确描述。毕竟,自由秩序的支持者正因为他们的世界面临黄昏时刻的消亡感到充满了担忧。然而,他们仍然深信自由秩序善良的形象和其带来的好处,因此只能将正在发生的叛乱解释为美国未能兑现自己的承诺而使人们失去了信心。在霸权更多地成为目的而非手段的当下,这些支持者当然呼吁牺牲。而崛起的挑战者可能提出了“正当要求”,但这一点很难被接受。吉尔平的进一步警告更有预见性:不平衡的发展和衰落的过程将导致在枪支、黄油和投资之间进行财富分配的问题上发生“日益严重的政治冲突”,从“良性的增长政治”转变为“恶性的分配政治”。在本书撰写时,美国的债务已经超过其经济规模,然而国防开支仍在飙升,赤字已经达到了创纪录的水平。尽管如此,美国仍然坚持与所有挑战者进行战斗,宣布与欧洲、亚洲、中东和拉丁美洲的对手展开公开竞争。当又一次发生政府停摆时,首都华盛顿感受到了威胁。在这种物质压力下,任何专制主义者的狂妄自大都是多余的。这位公开奉行绝对主义倾向的总统吹嘘说,当应对无情的国内对手时,他得到了“强硬”的军队、警察和摩托车手的支持,他们会以“非常非常糟糕”的方式团结在他身边。当面对媒体的批评,他表达了对于那个经济强劲的、总统“免受批评”的时代的怀念。当在法庭上受到质疑时,他说:“我必须解雇法官。”他甚至还考虑过宪法是否能够赋予总统赦免自身的可能性。

这就是共和的起源,它曾经通过推翻暴虐的君主建立起来。正如一些焦虑和悲观人士经常警告的那样,在国外花费大量精力,妄以野心勃勃的条件扩大这一良性秩序,并为此建立各种组织机构,将威胁到国内的自由和良好秩序。仅从这方面来看,美国也被证明毫不例外。

注释

1. Stephen Chaudoin,Helen V.Milner and Dustin Tingley,“Down But Not Out:Liberal International American Foreign Policy”,in Robert Jervis,Francis J.Gavin,Joshua Rovner and Diane N.Labrosse,Chaos in the Liberal Order: The Trump Presidency And International Politics in the Twenty-First Century(New York:Columbia University Press,2018),pp.62,83.

2. Michael Fullilove,“We Must Find a New Asia Focus as World Order Changes”,The Australian,10 May 2019.

3. Philip Bump,“Donald Trump Will be President Thanks to 80,000 People in Three States”,The Washington Post,1 December 2016.

4. Pew Research Centre,2016 Campaign: Strong Interest,Widespread Dissatisfaction(7 July 2016),p.32.

5. Neta C.Crawford,“The Pentagon Emits More Greenhouse Gases Than Any Other Part of the US Government”,Live Science,12 June 2019.

6. 关于危机的跨国属性,参见Adam Tooze,Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World(New York:Allen Lane,2018),pp.9,19;关于“连锁矩阵式反应”,另见H.S.Shin,“Globalization:Real and Financial”,BIS 87th Annual General Meeting,转引自Tooze,Crashed,p.618,n.22。

7. Rosella Capella Zielinski,“US Wars Abroad Increase Inequality at Home”,Foreign Affairs 95:5(2018).

8. Jonathan D.Caverley,Democratic Militarism: Voting,Wealth,and War(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2014).

9. 特朗普的崛起与之前的秩序之间的联系是马克思主义和保守主义这两种最具挑衅性判断的基础,参见Perry Anderson,“Passing the Baton”,New Left Review(2017),pp.41—64;Victor Davis Hanson,The Case for Trump(New York:Basic Books,2018)。

10. Aziz Rana,“Decolonizing Obama”,N + 1(Winter 2017),pp.22—27:p.22.

11. 正如罗杰·伊特韦尔(Roger Eatwell)和马修·古德温(Matthew Goodwin)在National Populism: The Revolt Against Liberal Democracy(Milton Keynes:Random House,2018),pp.265—266中所论述的。

12. Douglas L.Kriner and Francis X.Shen,“Battlefield Casualties and Ballot Box Defeat:Did the Bush-Obama Wars Cost Clinton the White House?” 20 June 2017,at http://www.forschungsnetzwerk.at/downloadpub/2017_SSRN-id2989040_usa.pdf.

13. 参见Robert D.Kaplan,“Trump's Budget Is American Caesarism”,Foreign Policy,26 May 2017。

14. 参见Matthew Fay,“Libertarians,Donald Trump,and War”,Niskanan Center,30 March 2017,at https://niskanencenter.org/blog/libertarians-donald-trump-war/。

15. Tal Copan and Eugene Scott,“Trump Touts ‘Militaristic’ Policies,Gets Panned by General”,CNN,13 August 2015.

16. Lauren Caroll,“Super PAC Ad Says Trump Likes War,Even Nuclear,but that Needs Context”,Politifact,19 June 2016.

17. “Bush-era Officials Reshape Trump Administration;US Troops in the Middle East Reportedly Rise 33%”,Hareetz and the Associated Press,20 November 2017.

18. “Contractor Support of US Operations in the U.S.CENTCOM Area of Responsibility”,January 2019,at https://www.acq.osd.mil/log/ps/.CENTCOM_reports.html/5A_January_2019_Final.pdf.

19. Yahel Arnon and Yoel Guzansky,“A Conventional Arms Race”,INSS Insight 1074,11 July 2018.

20. “Trump Tells Pentagon ‘to top’ France Military Parade”,BBC,7 February 2018.

21. Peter Beinart,“Why Trump Can't Handle the Costs of War”,The Atlantic,20 October 2017.

22. “The Secret Death Toll of America's Drones”,New York Times,30 March 2019.(https://www.daowen.com)

23. 正如我在下列文章中所述:“Why American Grand Strategy Has Not Changed:Power,Habit and the US Foreign Policy Establishment”,International Security,42:4(2018),pp.9—46。

24. “Remarks by the President in Conversation on Poverty at Georgetown University”,12 May 2015,at https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/05/12/remarks-president-conversation-poverty-georgetown-university;Jeffrey Goldberg,“The Obama Doctrine:The US President Talks Through His Hardest Decisions about America's Role in the World”,The Atlantic Monthly,317:3(2016),pp.70—90.

25. Andrew Bacevich,The New American Militarism: How Americans Are Seduced by War(New York:Oxford University Press,2005).

26. Christopher J.Coyne and Abigail R.Hall,Tyranny Comes Home: The Domestic Fate of US Militarism(Stanford,CA:Stanford University Press,2018).

27. Michael J.Glennon,National Security and Double Government(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2015),pp.39—65.

28. Robert Myers,“The ‘Warspeak’ Permeating Everyday Language Puts Us All in the Trenches”,The Conversation,6 August 2019.

29. Stephen Baele,“The Real Problem:The Militarization of the NFL”,The American Conservative,27 September 2017;Sen.John McCain and Sen.Jeff Flake,Tackling Paid Patriotism: A Joint Oversight Report(2015),at http://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2506099-tackling-paid-patriotism-oversight-report.html.

30. Philip Gourevitch,“Bushspeak”,The New Yorker,13 September 2004,pp.36—41.

31. Alex Ward,“How the Trump Administration Is Using 9/11 to Build a Case for War with Iran”,Vox,14 June 2019.

32. Zachary Zeck,“South Korea Extends Ballistic Missile Range”,The Diplomat,4 April 2014.

33. 正如克里斯·普雷贝尔(Chris Preble)在Peace,War and Liberty: Understanding US Foreign Policy(Washington,DC:Cato Institute,2019),p.121中所述。

34. Andrew Sullivan,“The Limits of My Conservatism”,Intelligencer,16 August 2019.

35. https://twitter.com/SenTomCotton/status/1144295494073618432;美国国防部的回复参见2019年6月26日美国国防部原副部长约翰·C.鲁德(John C.Rood)写给军事委员会主席詹姆斯·M.英霍夫(James M.Inhofe)的信件,at https://twitter.com/AlexEmmons/status/1144633957683777536。

36. Jeff D.Colgan and Robert O.Keohane,“The Liberal Order Is Rigged:Fix It Now or Watch It Whither”,Foreign Affairs 96:3(2017),pp.36—44.

37. Russ Feingold,“US Campaign Finance Laws Resemble Legalized Bribery.We Must Reform Them”,Guardian,8 November 2017.

38. 参见https://www.transparency.org/country/USA。

39. David Klion,“American Empire Is the Sick Man of the 21st Century”,Foreign Policy,2 April 2019.

40. David Barstow,Susanne Craig and Russ Beutner,“Trump Engaged in Suspect Tax Schemes as He Reaped Riches from His Father”,New York Times,2 October 2018.

41. Marc Jones,“World Has Racked Up 7,000 Protectionist Measures since Crisis:Study”,Reuters,14 November 2017.

42. Bill Clinton,“Expanding Trade,Protecting Values:Why I'll Fight to Make China's Trade Status Permanent”,The New Democrat,12:1(2000),pp.9—11.

43. George H.W.Bush and Brent Scowcroft,A World Transformed(New York:Random Books,1999),p.89.

44. 参见Michael Lind,“The Cost of Free Trade”,The American Prospect,1 December 2011。

45. Robert Gilpin,War and Change in World Politics(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1981),pp.166—167.


(1) “导弹及其技术控制制度”(Missile Technology Control Regime-MTCR),成形于1987年,旨在防止可运载大规模杀伤性武器(WMD)的导弹及其相关技术的扩散。——译者注

(2) 《爱国者法案》是2001年10月26日由美国总统乔治·W.布什签署颁布的法案。这一法案扩大了恐怖主义的定义,纳入了国内恐怖主义,并拓展了警察机关可管理的活动范围。——译者注

(3) 《战争权力法》规定美国总统有权不经过国会批准,在60天内调动美军任何部队——译者注