大事件
以上概述的各项措施基本能反映公众的意见。面对我们这个两极化的时代,大多数人更倾向于在政治、经济和外交之间找到一个折中方案。他们更愿意在恢复国内宪政的同时,限制人们对于鼓动政权更迭的自由主义远征冒险的热情。他们不希望看到贸易战升级,但也相信,国际市场的野蛮力量应该得到驯服,并寄期望于通过混合经济在国内提供一些保护性干预,并在贸易协定中加强劳工保护。原则上他们重视联盟,以及部分海外的势力范围,但希望美国调整现有的承诺和联盟,停止扩大,并将一些负担转移给富裕的盟友。他们支持建立强大的国防力量,但也赞同应当提高军事行动的门槛。在国土安全问题上,他们希望超越建墙与开放门户的选项非此即彼的简单化讨论,而是在慷慨的人道主义与边境安全之间达到平衡。他们怀疑,美国与沙特阿拉伯及其海湾地区君主国集团之间建立的关系是否真的符合热爱自由的国家的核心利益或价值观。他们认为,美国应该尝试寻找与对手打交道的另一条道路,而不是一味地收缩或无限制地升级对抗。他们也认可,美国应该继续成为我们世界的主要塑造者,但在一个财富和权力发生转移、竞争更加激烈的星球上,这种单一领导或首要地位已不再可能出现。
然而,一直在制定外交政策的并不是广大民众。如果美国想要审慎地调整自身定位,就需要外交政策建制派接受以上想法,并为其赋予足够的合法性。要使重新评估外交政策成为现实,美国必须考虑到削减开支、转移负担、限制承诺、适应潜在对手,并在不同对手之间寻找自身的第三方定位。为了做到这一点,决策者可以借鉴美国传统整合资源和目标的现实主义思维。正如塞缪尔·亨廷顿(Samuel P.Huntington)所总结的那样,要解决野心和实力之间的差距,国家可以:
尝试重新界定自身利益,并据此将对外承诺降至它们现有能力可以维持的水平;尽量多利用外交手段减少威胁;提高盟国对保护本国利益的贡献;增加自身资源,这通常意味着增强军事力量、提高军事预算;开发更低价的替代资源,从而用同等资源产出更多的生产力;设计更有效的战略,以充分发挥自身能力,从而确保在相同投入下获得更大的资源产出。81
美国至上主义者经常把任何规模的撤军都视为全球收缩的前奏。美国从越南撤军时,他们也是这么认为的。尽管美国在越南战争中的失败并没有让俄罗斯相信美国将放弃西欧,就像苏联在阿富汗的血战并不意味着华约只是纸老虎一样。谨慎地撤退可能是成功实现再平衡的前奏。中美关系的历史证明了这一点。回想一下,美国从其在越南的多米诺骨牌式的战争中撤出后,与中国达成默契,加强了美国在亚洲的主导地位,促成中国停止在该地区支持革命。
如果美国仍然坚持虚构的、难以实现的历史标准,那么采取任何收缩举措都将是不可能的。如果自由主义秩序的愿景仍然占据上风,那么即使是考虑一种克制的替代方案也会被视为背叛。这种怀旧情绪还伴生出了一种有害的还原论,主张在首要地位或者说全球领导地位与闭关锁国之间做出错误的选择。
如果美国能够抛开长期积累的预设想法,它就能采取必要措施恢复其偿付能力。为了重新调整其实力、承诺以及改善公众舆论,美国可以结束其在大中东地区浪费的永久战争计划,并减少插手该地区的事务;通过审慎的收缩、削减和负担转移来降低赤字;分化对手(如俄罗斯、伊朗和中国),而不是促使它们团结在一起;通过适当的包容或遏制来应对和管理不同的外部威胁;重建外交能力;通过示范而不是推行的方式来促进共和民主;恢复威慑在美国安全战略中的核心地位。美国有能力做到这些,只是它很难充分、及时地实现以上转变。霸权主义的习惯是在几十年的力量增长中形成的一种肌肉记忆,很难摆脱。外交决策建制派已经表现出对于美国大战略转变的抵制,并且正在产生效果。尽管盟友、旁观者和美国批评人士可以敦促美国从它的单极时代有序且体面地缓缓退出,但就美国在国际中的地位来看,这样一个大国很难优雅地衰落。因此,我们难以保持乐观。
注释
1. Elisabeth Bumiller and Norimitsu Onishi,“US Lifts Ban on Contact with Indonesia's Kopassus Special Forces”,New York Times,22 July 2010;Philip Dorling and Nick McKenzie,“Obama Caved In on Kopassus”,Sydney Morning Herald,17 December 2010.
2. Graham Allison,“What Should Be the Purpose of American Power?”,The National Interest,19 August 2015.
3. 正如J.G.A.波科克(J.G.A.Pocock)在下书中所述:The Machiavellian Moment: Florentine Political Thought and the Atlantic Republican Tradition(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1975),pp.31—49,156—183;也参见Robert Kagan,The Return of History and the End of Dreams(New York:Atlantic,2008)。
4. Michael Ignatieff,“Machiavelli Was Right”,Atlantic Monthly 312:5(2013),pp.40—44.
5. 参见Jonathan Haslam,No Virtue Like Necessity: Realist Thought in International Relations since Machiavelli(New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2002)。下文中关于“背道而驰的另一种道德”的观点引自此书第36页。
6. Niccolò Machiavelli,The Prince,trans.Tim Parks(London:Penguin,2009),esp.ch.15,p.60.
7. Woodrow Wilson,An Address to the Senate,22 January 1917,The Papers of Woodrow Wilson,vol.40(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1966—94),p.536.
8. 参见John A.Thompson,“Woodrow Wilson and Peace without Victory:Interpreting the Reversal of 1917”,Federal History(2018),pp.9—25。
9. John A.Thompson,“Wilsonianism:The Dynamics of a Conflicted Concept”,International Affairs 86:1(2010),pp.27—48.
10. Ross A.Kennedy,The Will to Believe: Woodrow Wilson,World War I,and America's Strategy for Peace and Security(Kent,OH:Kent State University Press,2009),p.102.
11. 此处的深入讨论,参见Michael C.Desch,“America's Liberal Illiberalism:The Ideological Origins of Overreaction in US Foreign Policy”,International Security 32:3(Winter 2007/2008),pp.7—43;关于自由主义与帝国主义的联系,也参见L.E.Ambrosius,“Woodrow Wilson and George W.Bush:Historical Comparisons of Ends and Means in Their Foreign Policies”,Diplomatic History 30(2005),pp.509—543;David M.Kennedy,“What ‘W’ owes to ‘WW’”,The Atlantic 30:5(2005),pp.36—40。
12. 改写自Hugh White,“What's So Great About American World Leadership?”,The Atlantic,23 November 2016。
13. 正如约翰·汤普森(John A.Thompson)在A Sense of Power: The Roots of America's Global Role(Ithaca,NY:Cornell University,2015),pp.25—56中所论述的。
14. Daniel Yergin,Shattered Peace: The Origins of the Cold War and the National Security State(New York:Penguin,1978),p.197.
15. 更多内容可参见Paul Kennedy,The Rise and Fall of Great Powers(New York:Random House,1989),pp.357—60。
16. Mike Patton,“US Role in Global Economy Declines Nearly 50%”,Forbes,29 February 2016,at https://www.statista.com/statistics/270267/united-states-share-of-global-gross-domestic-product-gdp/.
17. The estimate of Joseph M.Parent and Paul K.MacDonald,“The Road to Recovery:How Once Great Powers Became Great Again”,Washington Quarterly 41:3(2018),pp.21—39,n.2.
18. Steven Van Evera,“A Farewell to Geopolitics”,in Melvyn Leffer and Jeffrey W.Legro,eds.,To Lead the World: American Strategy after the Bush Doctrine(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2008),ap.11—30;Patrick Porter,The Global Village Myth: Distance,War and the Limits of Power(Washington,DC:Georgetown University Press,2015),pp.148—194.
19. 参见Michael J.Mazarr,“The Risks of Ignoring Strategic Insolvency”,Washington Quarterly 35:4(2012),pp.7—22。
20. Walter Lippmann,US Foreign Policy: Shield of the Republic(Boston,MA:Little,Brown,1943),pp.69—70;Samuel P.Huntington,“Coping with the Lippmann Gap”,Foreign Affairs 66:3(1988),pp.453—477;Patrick Porter,“Beyond the American Century:Walter Lippmann and American Grand Strategy,1943—1950”,Diplomacy and Statecraft 22(2011),pp.557—577.
21. Congressional Budget Office,The 2018 Long-Term Budget Outlook,p.1.
22. Congressional Budget Office,The 2017 Long-Term Budget Outlook,p.39,at https://www.cbo.gov/publication/52480;Joseph Lawler,“Budget Office:Debt on Track to Double in Next 30 Years,Substantial Risks for the Nation”,Washington Examiner,26 June 2018;Doug Bandow,“The One Reason America Can't Police the World Anymore:Washington is Broke”,The National Interest,26 December 2018.
23. Manmohan S.Kumar and Jaejoon Woo,“Public Debt and Growth”,IMF Working Paper,WP/10/74,July 2010,at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2010/wp10174.pdf;Carmen M.Reinhart and Kenneth S.Rogoff,“Growth in a Time of Debt”,American Economic Review 100:2(May 2010),pp.573—578,at http://www.ycsg.yale.edu/center/forms/growth-debt.pdf;萨利姆·弗思(Salim Furth)在“High Debt is a Real Drag”,Heritage Foundation Issue Brief No.3859,22 February 2013中也进行了讨论。
24. Jonathan Kirshner,“Dollar Primacy and American Power:What's at Stake?”,Review of International Political Economy 15:3(2008),pp.418—438;Christopher Layne,“This Time It's Real:The End of Unipolarity and the Pax Americana”,International Studies Quarterly 56:1(2012),pp.203—213.
25. 转引自Foreign Affairs 98:2(2019):“Should Washington Not Worry about the Budget Deficit?”,at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/ask-the-experts/2019-04-16/should-washington-not-worry-about-budget-deficit。
26. Max Boot,“Why Winning and Losing Are Irrelevant”,Washington Post,30 January 2019.
27. Nikki Wentling,“VA Reveals Its Veteran Suicide Statistic Included Active-Duty Troops”,Stars and Stripes,20 June 2018,at https://www.stripes.com/news/us/va-reveals-its-veteran-suicide-statistic-included-active-duty-troops-1.533992;Neta C.Crawford,“United States Budgetary Costs of the Post-9/11 Wars Through FY2019:$5.9 Trillion Spent and Obligated”,14 November 2018,at https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2018/Crawford_Costs%20of%20War%20Estimates%20Through%20FY2019.pdf,pp.23—29.
28. Bryan Dorries,The Theatre of War: What Ancient Tragedies Can Teach Us Today(New York:Random House,2016).
29. Pew Research Center,Public Uncertain,Divided over America's Place in the World,5 May 2016,pp.11—19,at https://www.pewre-search.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2016/05/05-05-2016-Foreign-policy-APW-release.pdf.
30. President of the United States,National Security Strategy of the United States of America(2017),pp.2—3;US Department of Defense,Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America: Sharpening the American Military's Competitive Edge(2018),pp.1—3;Secretary of Defense James N.Mattis,“Remarks by Secretary Mattis on the National Defense Strategy”,19 January 2018,at https://dod.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/1420042/remarks-by-secretary-mattis-on-the-national-defense-strategy/.
31. “Remarks by Vice President Pence at the West Point Graduation Ceremony”,25 May 2019,at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-pence-west-point-graduation-ceremony/.
32. “Remarks by the Vice President Aboard USS Ronald Reagan”,19 April 2019,at https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-vice-president-aboard-uss-ronald-reagan/.
33. Van Jackson,“Power,Trust,and Network Complexity:Three Logics of Hedging in Asian Security”,International Relations of the Asia-Pacific 14:3(2014),pp.331—56;Leonid Bershidsky,“Reality Check:Europe Won't Roll Over on Iran”,Bloomberg,10 May 2018.
34. Atman Trivedi and Aparna Pande,“India is Getting Cold Feet about Trump's America”,Foreign Policy,30 August 2018.
35. 正如保罗·肯尼迪在谈到腓力二世或路易十四时指出的那样,见“American Power Is On the Wane”,Wall Street Journal,14 January 2009。
36. 据尼塔·C.克劳福德(Neta C.Crawford)对所有与战争相关支出的评估,包括但不限于对国防部的拨款,涵盖“海外应急行动”专项基金、借款利息、退伍军人福利和伤残支出:“United States Budgetary Costs of the Post-9/11 Wars Through FY2019:$5.9 Trillion Spent and Obligated”,14 November 2018,p.2,at https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2018/Crawford_Costs%20of%20War%20Estimates%20Through%20FY2019.pdf。
37. 参见William D.Hartung and Mandy Smithberger,“America's Defense Budget Is Bigger than You Think”,The Nation,7 May 2019;Jeff Stein,“US Military Budget Inches Closer to $1 Trillion Mark,as Concerns Grow over Federal Budget”,Washington Post,19 June 2018;Craig Whitlock and Bob Woodward,“Pentagon Buries Evidence of $125 Billion in Bureaucratic Waste”,Washington Post,5 December 2016。
38. President Dwight Eisenhower,“The Chance for Peace”,speech given to the American Society of Newspaper Editors,16 April 1953.
39. Thomas Oatley,A Political Economy of American Hegemony: Buildups,Booms and Busts(New York:Cambridge University Press,2015).
40. 关于国防开支对就业的影响,参见Robert Pollin and Heidi Garrett-Peltier,The US Employment Effects of Military and Domestic Spending Priorities,Political Economy Research Institute University of Massachusetts,Amherst,December 2011,at https://www.peri.umass.edu/fileadmin/pdf/published_study/PERI_military_spending_2011.pdf。
41. “Trump Budget Request Takes Military Share of Spending to Historic Levels”,15 February 2018,National Priorities Project,at https://www.nationalpriorities.org/analysis/2018/trump-budget-request-takes-military-share-spending-historic-levels/.(https://www.daowen.com)
42. Jeffrey D.Sachs,“The Fatal Expense of American Imperialism”,Boston Globe,30 October 2016.
43. Joseph S.Nye Jr,“Will the Liberal Order Survive?” Foreign Affairs 96:1(2017),pp.10—16:p.10.
44. NSC 68,“A Report to the National Security Council”,Executive Secretary,14 April 1950,Naval War College Review 27:6(1975):pp.51—108,Section B.
45. Hal Brands and Charles Edel,The Lessons of Tragedy: Statecraft and World Order(New Haven,CT:Yale University Press,2019),pp.62,140.
46. Barbara Cosette,“A Political Diplomat:Madeleine Korbel Albright”,New York Times,6 December 1998.
47. Jonathan Chait,“61 Times Bill Kristol Was Reminded of Hitler and Churchill”,The National Interest,29 April 2015.
48. 参见Gerhard L.Weinberg,“No Road from Munich to Baghdad”,Washington Post,3 November 2002;Christopher Layne,“Security Studies and the Use of History:Neville Chamberlain's Grand Strategy Revisited”,Security Studies 17(2008),pp.397—437;Norrin Ripsman and Jack S.Levy,“Wishful Thinking or Buying Time? The Logic of British Appeasement in the 1930s”,International Security 33:2(2008),pp.148—181;David A.Bell,“The Sound of Munich”,The National Interest,25 April 2016。
49. 参见Scott A.Silverstone,From Hitler's Germany to Saddam's Iraq: The Enduring False Promise of Preventive War(London:Rowman &Littlefield,2019),p.259。
50. 参见Dale C.Copeland,The Origin of Major Wars(Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2000)。
51. Jonathan Kirshner,“Gilpin Approaches War and Change:A Classical Realist in Structural Drag”,in G.John Ikenberry,Power,Order and Change in World Politics(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2014),pp.131—161.
52. Paul K.MacDonald and Joseph M.Parent,“Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment”,International Security 35:4(Spring 2011),pp.7—44;T.V.Paul,ed.,Accommodating Rising Powers: Past,Present,and Future(New York:Cambridge University Press,2016),p.21.
53. Michael O'Hanlon,“Farewell to General Mattis”,The Hill,21 December 2018.
54. Margaret MacMillan,“Warnings from Versailles”,Foreign Affairs 98:1(2019),at https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/europe/2019-01-08/warnings-versailles.
55. Nicholas K.Gvosdev,“US—Russia Relations Are Stuck on Repeat”,The National Interest,16 July 2018;Joshua R.Itzkowitz Shifrinson,“Trump and NATO:Old Wine in Gold Bottles?” H-Diplo,29 September 2017.
56. 参见Yuen Foong Khong,Analogies at War: Korea,Munich,Dien Bien Phu,and the Vietnam Decisions of 1965(Princeton,NJ:Princeton University Press,1992)。
57. Eugene Gholz,Daryl G.Press and Harvey M.Sapolsky,“Come Home America:The Strategy of Restraint in the Face of Temptation”,International Security 21:4(Spring 1997),pp.5—48;Barry R.Posen,Restraint: A New Foundation for US Grand Strategy(Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2014);Christopher Layne,The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present(Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2006);John J.Mearsheimer and Stephen M.Walt,“The Case for Offshore Balancing”,Foreign Affairs 95:4(2016),pp.70—83;Christopher A.Preble,The Power Problem(Ithaca,NY:Cornell University Press,2009).
58. Steven-Van Evera,“A Farewell to Geopolitics”,in Melvyn Leffer and Jeffrey W.Legro,eds.,To Lead the World: American Strategy after the Bush Doctrine(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2008),pp.11—30.
59. Chalmers Johnson,Dismantling the Empire: America's Last Best Hope(New York:Henry Holt 2010);Stephen Wertheim,“Is It Too Late to Stop a Cold War with China?”,New York Times,8 June 2019.
60. 转引自Greil Marcus,The Shape of Things to Come: Prophecy and the American Voice(New York:Faber,2006),pp.8—9。
61. 此处的“两种设想”,参见Michael J.Hogan,A Cross of Iron: Harry S.Truman and the Origins of the National Security State 1945—1954(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1998),pp.463—465;Michael Lind,The American Way of Strategy: US Foreign Policy and the American Way of Life(Oxford:Oxford University Press,2006),pp.3—43;Robert J.Art,“The United States,The Balance of Power,and World War II:Was Spykman Right?”,Security Studies 14:3(2005),pp.365—406。
62. 参见David Kang,“Power Transitions:Thucydides Didn't Live in East Asia”,Washington Quarterly 41:1(2018)pp.137—154;Paul Schroeder,“Historical Reality vs.Neo-Realist Theory”,International Security 19:1(1994),pp.108—148。
63. 例如,相对于美国,中国的国内生产总值已经超过苏联,因此就潜在潜力而言,它已经成为世界秩序的另外“一极”;而俄罗斯,尽管在其内部存在弱点,但它仍然拥有一个能够威胁地球上任何行为体的核武库,拥有与德国相当的购买力平价GDP,更重要的是,它不害怕动用国家权力带来的所有杠杆(即使产生局势升级的风险),并且愿意承受国内贫困的代价,以捍卫其受到威胁的利益。
64. Andrew Monaghan,Russian State Mobilisation: Moving the Country onto a War Footing(Chatham House:Russia and Eurasia Programme,May 2016),pp.7—14.
65. Ely Ratner,“There is No Grand Bargain with China”,Foreign Affairs 97:6(2018);Michael McFaul,“Russia As It Is”,Foreign Affairs 97:4(2018),pp.82—91;Eric Brewer,“Can the US Reinstate Maximum Pressure on North Korea?” Foreign Affairs 97:6(2018).
66. Alexander Gabuev,“Why Russia and China Are Strengthening Security Ties”,Foreign Affairs 97:5(2018).
67. Jamil Anderlini,“China and Russia's Dangerous Liaison”,Financial Times,9 August 2018.
68. Jack S.Levy and William R.Thompson,“Balancing on Land and Sea:Do States Ally Against the Leading Global Power?” International Security 35:1(2010),pp.7—43:p.33.
69. Robert David English,“Russia,Trump and the New Détente:Fixing US—Russian Relations”,Foreign Affairs 96:2(2017);Graham Allison and Dimitri K.Symes,“A Blueprint for Donald Trump to Fix Relations with Russia”,The National Interest,18 December 2016.
70. Peter Beinart,“America Needs an Entirely New Foreign Policy for the Trump Age”,The Atlantic,16 September 2018.
71. 就这样,我不再相信那些“妥协者”的说辞;参见Jonathan Kirshner,“The Tragedy of Offensive Realism:Classical Realism and the Rise of China”,European Journal of International Relations 18:1(2010),pp.53—75;Hugh White,The China Choice: Why We Should Share Power(Melbourne:Black Ink,2012);Charles Glaser,“A US—China Grand Bargain? The Hard Choice Between Military Competition and Bargaining”,International Security 39:4(2015),pp.49—90;Graham T.Allison,Destined for War: Can America and China Escape the Thucydides Trap(New York:Houghton Mifflin,2017);Lyle J.Goldstein,Meeting China Halfway: How to Defuse the Emerging US—China Rivalry(Washington,DC:Georgetown University Press,2015)。
72. John Hemmings,Safeguarding our Systems: Managing Chinese Investment into the UK's Digital and Critical National Infrastructure(London:Henry Jackson Society,2017);Francine Kiefer and Jack Destch,“What Congress is Doing to Stop Russian Hackers Next Time”,Christian Science Monitor,5 June 2017.
73. 正如埃里克·赫金博瑟姆(Eric Heginbotham)和雅各布·L.海姆(Jacob L.Heim)所写,参见“Deterring without Dominance:Discouraging Chinese Adventurism under Austerity”,Washington Quarterly 38:1(2015),pp.185—199;另见Michael Beckley,“The Emerging Military Balance in Asia:How China's Neighbours Can Check China's Expansion”,International Security 42:2(2017),pp.78—119。
74. Sebastian Rosato and John Schuessler,“A Realist Foreign Policy for the United States”,Perspectives on Politics 9:4(2011),p.807.
75. Jeffrey Record,Beating Goliath: Why Insurgencies Win(Washington,DC:Potomac Books,2007).
76. Stephen Biddle,“Afghanistan's Legacy:Emerging Lessons of an Ongoing War”,Washington Quarterly 37:2(2014),pp.80—81;Alexander Downes and Jonathan Monten,“Forced to be Free? Why Foreign-imposed Regime Change Rarely Leads to Democratization”,International Security 37:4(2013),pp.90—131.
77. Robert Jervis,“Domino Beliefs and Strategic Behaviour”,in Robert Jervis and Jack Snyder,eds.,Dominoes and Bandwagons: Strategic Beliefs and Great Power Competition in the Eurasian Rimland(New York:Oxford University Press,1990),p.43.
78. National Defense Strategy Commission,Providing for the Common Defense: The Assessment and Recommendations of the National Defense Strategy Commission(2018),pp.vi,6,25.
79. Janan Ganesh,“Washington's Consensus is Dangerously Interventionist”,Financial Times,6 February 2019.
80. Elbridge Colby,“How to Win America's Next War”,Foreign Policy,5 May 2019.
81. Samuel P.Huntington,“Coping with the Lippmann Gap”,Foreign Affairs 66:3(1988),pp.453—477.
(1) 尼可罗·马基雅维利(Niccolo Machiavelli,1469—1527)是15世纪文艺复兴时期意大利著名的政治思想家和哲学家,其主要理论是“政治无道德”的政治权术思想。他强调为达目的不择手段的权术政治、残暴、狡诈、伪善、谎言和背信弃义等,只要有助于君主统治就都是正当的。这一思想被后人称为“马基雅维利主义”。由于他的政治学说,马基雅维利的名字成了“权谋政治家”的代名词。——译者注
(2) 蓝水海军(Blue-water Navy),是指能将海上力量扩展到远洋及深海地区、具备远征作战能力的海军形态,最早萌芽于英国皇家海军的“海上远征能力”。——译者注
(3) 重占莱茵兰,指1936年3月德国军队重新进驻莱茵兰非军事区的军事行动。——译者注
(4) 1838年,亚伯拉罕·林肯在伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德(Springfield)的一个辩论社团青年学院(Young Men's Lyceum)发表了这篇演讲。——译者注
(5) “金发姑娘”(goldilocks)问题来自英语中的“金发女孩效应”(Goldilocks effect),指凡事都必须有度,不能超越极限。——译者注
(6) 反介入/区域拒止(A2/AD)能力是为应对突发事件,在划定的禁区内限制或阻止第三方外部势力介入干预的能力。——译者注
(7) 嘉南·加内什是英国《金融时报》双周刊专栏作家和副主编。——译者注