Examples of Abstract
Here are some abstract examples from different core publications at home and abroad.
Abstract 1
Inspired by recent findings in bilingualism research,this article redefines the objects and topics of simultaneous interpretation studies in reference to a modulated account of the communicative processes involved,and proposes a framework model that centers on the interpreters semantic memory and relies on the intermediacy of semantic representation.Within such a framework,the author subjects three popularly adopted approaches to interpretation studies to a critical re-examination and recommends some alternative strategies and methods for researchers in this field.（Xu Ming,Chinese Translators Journal 2013.01)
Abstract 2
This paper reports on an experimental study investigating how English reflexives were acquired by 60 year-8 and year-9 Chinese EFL learners.They began to acquire the reflexives as soon as they were exposed to positive evidence of them. The year-9 acquired local object binding faster than long-distance subject binding in the mono-clausal sentences.It also fared significantly better than the year-8 group in observing the locality requirement in mono-clausal,finite bi-clausal and nonfinite bi-clausal sentences.The way they acquired English reflexives differed sharply from the way intermediate and advanced learners acquired them.It is suggested that at the initial stage of the acquisition of the English reflexives,not only do preintermediate learners rely on positive evidence and first-language transfer,but they also rely strongly on discourse-level information.（Wu Mingju and Wang Tongshun, Foreign Language Teaching Research，2013.03)
Abstract 3
Judgments of learning（JOLs)are defined as judgments that occur during or after acquisition and are predictions about future test performance on recently studied items.JOLs are assessments that people make,either in the course of learning,or after it,about how well they have learned the particular target materials under question.Delayed JOLs,in which the judgments are made with the cue at some time after the study effort,appear to be among the most accurate ways of making a self assessment of one's own learning.So,many researchers were interested in understanding the mechanisms underlying delayed JOLs.
There were many theories and hypotheses as to why the delayed JOLs accuracy advantage occurs.In this paper,these theories were introduced and discussed,such as the transfer-appropriate-monitoring（TAM)hypothesis,the monitoring-dualmemories（MDM)hypothesis,the cue-utilization model,the dual-process model and so on.The TAM hypothesis states that the retrieval enacted while making delayed JOLs is more similar to the retrieval that the person will use at test than are the processes that people use to make immediate JOLs.Therefore,the delayed retrieval-related JOLs will be more diagnostic of how people will do in the test.The MDM hypothesis states that immediate judgments are based on retrieval from both shortterm memory（STM)and long-term memory（LTM).In the immediate-JOLs condition,STM information is highly accessible but it is transient and does not reflect what information will be available in the final test.The presence of this STM information adds nondiagnostic information to the judgment,thereby reducing the accuracy of JOLs.In the delayed JOLs case,people are thought to base their judgments primarily on the retrieval of information from LTM.This retrieval information is more accurate in predicting final test performance,which is also based on LTM alone.The cue-utilization accounts distinguished among three general classes of cues for JOLs:intrinsic,extrinsic,and mnemonic.The delayed JOLs are accurate because people can make use of mnemonic cues concerning the accessibility of the target or partial clues about it.The dual-process model states that two processes underlie delayed JOLs.The first process is the recognition of the cue.The second uses the recognized cue in an attempt to retrieve the target.In addition,relative accuracy and absolute accuracy,some new methods,paradigms and ideas were discussed.
Considering the former findings and theories of delayed JOLs and the research trend,the author argues that future studies should focus on three aspects:（1)the mechanism of delayed JOLs；（2)new ideas,methods,and techniques；（3)the application of the delayed JOLs effect.（Jia Ning,Journal of Psychological Science,2012. 01)
Abstract 4
We examine how auditors'consideration of material items is affected by each item's directional impact on income.Prior research indicates that auditors face greater litigation risk for non-detection of fraudulent income-increasing items compared to income-decreasing items.Therefore,we expect that auditors will spend greater cognitive effort evaluating material income-increasing（as opposed to income-decreasing)items,resulting in superior memories for such items.However, in an effort to direct auditors'attention to both increasing and decreasing material items,we manipulate whether or not auditors were asked to form expectations about the future effects of material items.Our results indicate that auditors' memories for income-increasing items are significantly greater than that for incomedecreasing items when auditors are not asked to form expectations about the future effects of the items.However,this difference is not observed when auditors are asked to form expectations about future effects of each item.Furthermore,our results indicate that auditors are less likely to refer back to the work papers to verify the accuracy of income-decreasing items compared to income-increasing items. This suggests that auditors are not inclined to compensate for their poor memory of income-decreasing items by referring to working papers.However,it also suggests that auditors compensate for the greater risk associated with income-increasing items by requiring greater verification of such items.（Desai,Naman K.&Gerard, Gregory J.,Auditing，2013.05)
Notes
academic writing 学术写作
reasoning 推论
cross-cultural sensitivity 跨文化敏感性
inclusiveness 包容性
flexibility 灵活性
second language acquisition 第二语言习得
Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 中国应用语言学期刊
spatial properties 空间特性
collective electronic oscillations 聚合电子振动
noble metals 贵金属
incident optical field 入射光场
energy transducing phenomena 能量转化现象
electromagnetic field 电磁场
quantitative one-pot synthesis 定量—锅法合成
variations of the polarization and the wavelength 极化和波长变异
incident light redistribute 入射光重新分配
TPL intensity TPL 强度
two-dimensional plasmonic resonator patterns 二维电浆共振器模式
theoretical simulations 理论模拟
diffraction 衍射；绕射
gaussian light beam 高斯光束
plasmonic information processing devices 电浆子光学信息处理设备
two-photon luminescence（TPL)microscopy 双光子荧光显微镜
thin single-crystalline triangular gold nanoprisms 薄单结晶三角黄金纳米棱柱
wikis 维基百科软件
descriptive abstract 描述性摘要；说明性摘要
informative abstract 内容摘要；信息摘要
surface plasmon 表面等离子体
background section 研究背景部分
tense shift 时态转变
principal objective 主要目标
scope of the investigation 调查范围
method section 研究方法部分
past tense 过去时态
chronological order 时间顺序
telegraphic abstract 电报式文摘
text form 文本形式
simultaneous interpretation studies 同声传译研究
interpreters semantic memory 译员语义性记忆
intermediacy of semantic representation 语义表征中间性
reflexives 反身词
mono-clausal sentences 单子句
acquisition 习得
first-language transfer 母语迁移
discourse-level information 语篇层面信息
self assessment 自我评价
judgments of learning 等以元认知判断
transfer-appropriate-monitoring（TAM)hypothesis 迁移监测假说
monitoring-dual-memories（MDM)hypothesis 双重记忆监测说
short-term memory（STM) 短期记忆；[生理]短时记忆
long-term memory（LTM) 长期记忆；[生理]长时记忆
nondiagnostic information 非诊断性信息
auditors'memories 审计师的记忆
cognitive effort 认知努力
auditing 审计
retrieval 检索
core publications 核心出版物
manuscript 手稿；原稿