(三)实践指导
本章节描述为安全领域编写评估要素所需的程序步骤。
根据卫生技术评估核心模型手册(2012),我们需要采取系统的方法评估技术的安全性。我们还应意识到,目前HTA中有关安全性的定义和术语尚未标准化,例如副作用、不良事件、不良反应、并发症、危害、风险、安全性、容忍度和毒性这些术语的使用(Ioannidis,2004)。
在技术的使用过程中,会大范围地评估可能出现的危害,所以应从以下三个方面关注其安全性:
(1)由于技术的过度使用,患者可能会面临的风险、伤害、事故和损失;例如过度辐射,技术或系统故障。这些结果通常在评估的第一阶段和第二阶出现,或在评估技术的性能时发生。
(2)应该考虑与技术使用有关的不利事件和不良副作用。最好在评估的第三阶段或在比较有效性临床试验时进行。
(3)长期的不良事件和罕见的不良效果与技术的长期和广泛使用有关,在利益和风险评估中呈现了平衡。最好依靠第四阶段试验、监管和长期的观察研究进行调查。
在HTA中,目标不是发现所有已知的或先前未知的技术危害,而是核心HTA准备者们专注于自己的评估,以及预先确定自己在评估工作中希望碰到的安全问题和观察指标。
每个方面都有不同的安全目标、终点和评估的不同方法手段。为了协调卫生技术评估核心模型在不同结构域,如在“技术描述及技术特点”(TEC)、“技术的安全性”(SAF)、“技术的有效性”(EFF)等结构域中的工作,我们认识到,安全评估不仅可以单独在“技术的安全性”(SAF)结构域中完成,也可以分别在“技术描述及技术特点”(TEC)、“技术的安全性”(SAF)和“技术的有效性”(EFF)结构域中完成。
在技术发展阶段出现的特定危机问题应包含于“技术描述及技术特点”(TEC)结构域。决定技术总体“临床影响”的不良事件和副作用包含于“技术的有效性”(EFF)结构域。而技术中长期/偶然以及未知的不良事件若已经显示了有效性,即处于警戒阶段的数据,则包含于“技术的安全性”(SAF)结构域。
监察者们应承担责任,选择最好的方法来完成这个目标。
为了完善安全结构域的评估要素,需要实行综合检查和系统检查来回答所选出的问题,表22至表32所示步骤可帮助完成目标。
表22 确定SAF结构域与TEC和EFF结构域之间关系

表23 从卫生技术评估核心模型评估要素中选出主题和问题

*AHRQ,The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality,美国医疗保健研究与质量局。
表24 确定研究问题

(续表)

*见网址:http://www.prisma-statement.org/
表25 确定相关研究的纳入标准

(续表)

表26 证据的系统检索

(续表)

表27 相关研究的选择

表28 数据提取

(续表)

表29 方法学质量评估

(续表)

(续表)

表30 数据整合

(续表)

表31 证据质量分级

表32 报告

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