Florence：The Birthplace of Renaissance 佛罗伦萨——文艺复...
4.Florence：The Birthplace of Renaissance 佛罗伦萨——文艺复兴的发源地
Florence is a city in central Italy, capital of the Tuscany region. It is a very famous artistic capital of the world, the center of European culture, the cradle of European Renaissance movement, the birthplace of opera and the world famous cultural tourist resort.
佛罗伦萨是意大利中部的一个城市，托斯卡纳区的首府。它是极为著名的世界艺术之都，欧洲文化中心，欧洲文艺复兴运动的发祥地，歌剧的诞生地，举世闻名的文化旅游胜地。
●The Poetic Alias and the Origin of the Renaissance 颇有诗意的别名与文艺复兴的渊源
It is"Florence"in English，"Firenze"in Italian and"FeiLengCui"in Chinese before. It means"the city of flowers"in Italian and its city flower and emblem is a purple lily."FeiLengCui"was firstly translated by Hsu Chih-Mo, the Chinese famous modern poet, far more poetic and colorful than the word"Florence".
Florence is a cultural city with a long history. According to legend, Florence was firstly built in the period of Kaiser in the Republic of Rome.In 59 BC, Florence became a colony of Rome, and was ruled by Babylonians.In the 13th Century, it became an important city in Italy because of the rapid development of the wool and textile industry.
In the 15th century, Florence was guarded by the Medici family, a localmagnate. The guardian lasted 300 years.The Medici family's crest also became today's city emblem of Florence.The 300 years of history of Florence from the 15th century to the mid 18th century, can be described to be closely bound up with the Medici family's rise and fall.
Florence's most glorious moment was the period of the renaissance. The Medici family had a strong love of art.Under its protection and support, there were lots of famous persons gathered in Florence, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Dante, Galileo, Rafael, Michelangelo, Tiziano, etc.They created a lot of buildings, sculpture and painting and literature works shining the light of the Renaissance.So Florence became the birthplace of the European Renaissance, as well as the center of European art, culture and thought.
英语Florence，意大利语Firenze，以前汉语曾译为“翡冷翠”。意大利语的直译为“百花之城”，市花以及标志是一朵紫色的百合。“翡冷翠”由中国现代著名诗人徐志摩首译，比另一个译名“佛罗伦萨”来得更富诗意，更多色彩。
佛罗伦萨是一座具有悠久历史的文化名城。传说，佛罗伦萨最早兴建于罗马共和国恺撒在位时期，公元前59年，佛罗伦萨成为罗马的殖民地，后又被伦巴第人统治。13世纪时，因羊毛和纺织业的迅速发展而崛起，成为当时意大利重要的城市。
15世纪时，佛罗伦萨被当地的巨商美第奇家族所守护，这一守护就是300年，而美第奇家族的族徽也成了今天佛罗伦萨的市徽。15世纪至18世纪中期，长达3个世纪的佛罗伦萨历史可以说是与美第奇家族的兴衰紧密相连。
佛罗伦萨最为辉煌的时刻，要数文艺复兴时期。美第奇家族酷爱艺术，在其保护和资助下，当时积聚在佛罗伦萨的名人众多，如达·芬奇、但丁、伽利略、拉斐尔、米开朗基罗、提香等，他们创造了大量的闪耀着文艺复兴时代光芒的建筑、雕塑、文学和绘画等作品，佛罗伦萨因此成为文艺复兴发源地，以及欧洲艺术文化和思想的中心。
●The Flowering of the Tourist Attractions 百花齐放的旅游胜地
Michelangelo Square 米开朗基罗广场
Michelangelo Square is a famous square with a magnificent panoramic view of Florence, Italy, and is a popular tourist destination in the Oltrarno district of the city. The famous view from this observation point overlooking the city has been reproduced on countless postcards and snapshots over the years.
It was built in 1869 and designed by architect Giuseppe Poggi. At that time, Florence was the capital of Italy and the whole city was involved in an urban renewal.On the right bank, the 14th-century walls were removed and turned into the ring road.On the left bank winding up the hill of San Miniato the Viale dei Colli was built, a tree-lined street over 8 kilometers long ending at the Michelangelo Square which was built as a terrace with a panoramic view of the city.
The square, dedicated to the great Renaissance sculptor Michelangelo, has copies of some of his works found elsewhere in Florence：the David and the four allegories of the Medici Chapel of San Lorenzo.
Poggi designed the loggia in the neoclassical style that dominates the whole terrace, which today houses a panoramic restaurant. Originally it was supposed to house a museum of works by Michelangelo, never realized.In the wall of the balcony, under the loggia, there is an epigraph in capital letters referring to his work：The Florentine architect Giuseppe Poggi turned this into his monument in MCMXI.
米开朗基罗广场是意大利佛罗伦萨的著名广场，位于该市奥特拉诺区的热门旅游目的地，从这里可以俯瞰美丽城市全景。这些年来，这个可以俯瞰全市美景的地点，出现在许多明信片和快照中。
这座广场兴建于1869年，由建筑师朱塞佩·波吉设计。当时佛罗伦萨是意大利的临时首都，进行了一项城市复兴计划，在右岸，将14世纪的城墙改建为环形马路；而在阿诺河左岸，在圣米尼亚托山8公里长的蜿蜒山路希尔斯大街上，修建了米开朗基罗广场，成为观看城市全景的阳台。
这座广场用以纪念文艺复兴时期的伟大艺术家米开朗基罗，点缀着一些他留在佛罗伦萨的著名作品的复制品，如在广场中央的青铜大卫像，以及佛罗伦萨圣老楞佐大殿的美第奇小教堂的4个寓言。
波吉设计了广场上具有主导地位的新古典主义风格的凉廊，现在是一座全景餐厅。起初计划在此开办展出米开朗基罗作品的博物馆，不过此计划未能实现。在凉廊下方阳台的墙上有如下铭文：“佛罗伦萨建筑师朱塞佩·波吉，这里是他的纪念碑。”
The Uffizi Gallery 乌菲兹美术馆
The Uffizi Gallery is a museum in Florence, Italy. It is one of the oldest and most famous art museums of the Western world.Building of the palace was begun by Giorgio Vasari in 1560 for Cosimo I de'Medici as the offices for the Florentine magistrates.The construction ended in 1581.Over the years, more and more parts of the palace evolved into a display place for many of the paintings and sculpture collected by the Medici family or commissioned by them.
Because of its huge collections, some of its works have in the past been transferred to other museums in Florence—for example, some famous statues to the Bargello. A project is currently underway to expand the museum's exhibition space in 2006 from some 6，000 metres2 to almost 13，000 metres2，allowing public viewing of many artworks that have usually been in storage.Today, the Uffizi is one of the most popular tourist attractions of Florence.In high season（particularly in July），waiting times can be up to five hours.
乌菲兹美术馆坐落在意大利佛罗伦斯，是最有历史及最有名的一座艺术博物馆。乌菲兹美术馆的兴建始于1560年。这里一开始是乔尔乔·瓦萨里为第一代托斯卡纳大公、科西莫一世·德·美第奇所建的办公室。这项工程于1581年完工。多少年来，越来越多的美第奇家族收藏与管理的绘画与雕刻等艺术品都安放与此。
由于馆藏实在太多，一些藏品不得不转移到佛罗伦萨的其他博物馆中。比如一些有名的雕塑作品就被安放在了巴杰罗美术馆。乌菲兹从2006年开始进行扩建工程，扩建之后展馆面积将由6000平方米增至约13000平方米。这使得许多过去放在储藏室里的作品得以公开展览。今天，乌菲兹已成为佛罗伦萨最受欢迎的旅游点。在旺季时，尤其是7月间，排队等候进馆的时间会非常久。
Pitti Palace 皮蒂宫
The Pitti Palace is a vast mainly Renaissance palace in Florence, Italy. It is situated on the south side of the River Arno, a short distance from the Ponte Vecchio.The core of the present palazzo dates from 1458 and was originally the town residence of Luca Pitti, an ambitious Florentine banker.
The palace was bought by the Medici family in 1549 and became the chief residence of the ruling families of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. It grew as a great treasure house as later generations amassed paintings, plates, jewelry and luxurious possessions.
In the late 18th century, the palazzo was used as a power base by Napoleon, and later served for a brief period as the principal royal palace of the newly united Italy. The palace and its contents were donated to the Italian people by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1919，and itsdoors were opened to the public as one of Florence's largest art galleries.
皮蒂宫是一座规模宏大的文艺复兴时期佛罗伦萨的宫殿。位于阿诺河的南岸，距离老桥只有很短的距离。目前的宫殿的核心原本是1458年建造时的一位佛罗伦萨银行家卢卡·皮蒂的住所。
1549年，这个宫殿由美第奇家族购下，并作为托斯卡纳大公的主要住所。通过世代的累积，皮蒂宫逐渐储藏了大量的绘画、珠宝和贵重的财宝。
到了18世纪晚期，皮蒂宫被当做了拿破仑·波拿巴的权利中心，后来统一后的新意大利皇室也曾在此短暂居住。1919年，维托里奥·埃马努埃莱三世把宫殿和藏品一起捐献给意大利人民。现作皮蒂宫为佛罗伦萨最大的美术馆对公众开放。
●Ponte Vecchio：the Starting Point of Dante's Love Life 维琪奥桥——但丁一生爱恋的起点
There is a most renowned bridge called Ponte Vecchio on the Arnaud River in Florence. The old bridge has played a different version of"the bridges of Madison County"，and its hero is the great poet Dante.
On the morning of a bright spring day, a noble and beautiful girl was coming to Ponte Vecchio. At the same time, Dante was coming onto the bridge from the other side.The two youths met with each other by chance.Dante stared at the girl, being surprised and disappointed；the girl was holding flowers, looking straight ahead, and passing by Dante.This is the scene described in Dante and Beatrice by the famous painter Henry Holiday.The girl in the picture is Dante's dreamlover Beatrice.This painting tells the beginning of Dante's first love.But Beatrice did not marry Dante.When Dante met her for the second time, she had been forced to marry an earl, and soon died.Beatrice took away Dante's dream, and left the beauty and sadness to him.
In his early poem Rebirth, Dante expressed his pure love for Beatrice, and made Beatrice the embodiment of pursuing truth kingdom. Hersoul flied into the sky and got a new life.In his later work Divine Comedy, Dante portrayed Beatrice as a goddess of truth, goodness and beauty in one body, who led him into heaven.
The encounter on the Ponte Vecchio made Dante the last poet in the Middle Ages and the first poet in the new era. It also made Divine Comedy a great poem.
佛罗伦萨的阿尔诺河上有一座最知名的维琪奥桥，这座古桥曾经演绎过另一个版本的“廊桥遗梦”，而它的主人公正是伟大诗人但丁。
那是一个春光明媚的上午，一位高贵而美丽的少女向维琪奥桥走来。此时，但丁正从廊桥的另一头走来，两人在桥上不期而遇。但丁凝视着少女，既惊喜又怅然；而少女却手持鲜花，双目直视前方，从但丁身边走过。这是著名画家亨利·豪里达的油画作品《但丁与贝特丽丝邂逅》中所描绘的情景。画中的少女就是但丁的梦中情人贝特丽丝。这幅油画所描绘的仅仅是但丁初恋的开始。贝特丽丝最终并没有嫁给但丁，在但丁第二次见到她时，她已被迫嫁给了一位伯爵，不久就夭亡了。贝特丽丝带走了但丁的梦想，也把美丽和哀伤留给了但丁。
但丁在早年诗作《新生》中抒发了自己对贝特丽丝的一片纯真的爱恋之心，将贝特丽丝描绘成追求天国真理的化身，她的灵魂飞向天空，得到了新生。但丁在晚年作品《神曲》中，又把贝特丽丝描绘成集真善美于一身、引导他进入天堂的女神。
维琪奥桥的这一次相遇造就了但丁中世纪最后一位诗人，以及新时代最初一位诗人之地位，同时也造就了旷世诗作《神曲》。