Sanssouci Palace：The Summer Palace above the Du...
15.Sanssouci Palace：The Summer Palace above the Dunes 德国无忧宫——沙丘上的避暑宫殿
Sanssouci Palace is Deutsche's palace and garden in the 18th Century. Derived from the"sans"and"souci"in French, it is called"Sanssouci Palace".As it was built on a sand dune, it is also called"the palace in the sand dune".
无忧宫是18世纪德意志王宫和园林。源自于法文的“无”和“忧虑”，也即“无忧”。因建于一个沙丘上，故又称“沙丘上的宫殿”。
●The History and Architectural Features of Sanssouci Palace 无忧宫的历史渊源与建筑特色
Sanssouci is the name of the former summer palace of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, in Potsdam, near Berlin. It is often counted among the German rivals of Versailles.While Sanssouci is in the more intimate Rococo style and is far smaller than its French Baroque counterpart, it too is notable for the numerous temples and follies in the park.The palace was designed by Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff between 1745 and 1747 to fulfill King Frederick's need for a private residence where he could relax away from the pomp and ceremony of the Berlin court.The palace's name emphasises this；it is a French phrase（sans souci），which translates as"without concerns"，meaning"without worries"or"carefree"，symbolising that the palace was a place for relaxation rather than a seat of power.The palace is little more than a large, single-story villa.Containing just ten principal rooms, it was built on the brow of a terraced hill at the centre of the park.The influence of King Frederick's personal taste in the design and decoration of the palace was so great that its style is characterised as"Frederician Rococo"，and his feelings for the palace were so strong that he conceived it as"a place that would die with him".Because of a disagreement about the site of the palace in the park, Knobelsdorff was fired in 1746.Jan Bouman, a Dutch architect, finished the project.
During the 19th century, the palace became a residence of Frederick William IV. He employed the architect Ludwig Persius to restore and enlarge the palace, while Ferdinand von Arnim was charged with improving the grounds and thus the view from the palace.The town of Potsdam, with its palaces, was a favourite place of residence for the German imperial family until the fall of the Hohenzollern dynasty in 1918.
After World War II, the palace became a touristattraction in East Germany. It was fully maintained with due respect to its historical importance, and was open to the public.Following German reunification in 1990，the final wish of Frederick came to pass：his body was finally returned to his beloved palace and buried in a new tomb overlooking the gardens.Sanssouci and its extensive gardens became a World Heritage Site in 1990 under the protection of UNESCO.
无忧宫是曾经的普鲁士国王腓特烈大帝的夏宫，位于在柏林附近的波茨坦。它总是与德国的凡尔赛宫相媲美。然而无忧宫具有更多的洛可可风格，相应的巴洛克风格就少了很多。它还以公园里的众多寺庙和工程浩大却不适用的建筑物而举世闻名。1745～1747年，建筑师乔治·温彻斯劳斯·冯·克诺伯斯多夫根据普鲁士国王腓特烈二世的草图，设计了私人宫殿，让该国王可以远离柏林宫廷的盛会和典礼的喧嚣，得到彻底的放松。这个宫殿的名字就强调了这一点；法文词sans souci，翻译起来就是“不必忧虑”，也即“无忧”或“莫愁”的意思。这象征着这座宫殿不是权力宝座，而是轻松港湾。这座宫殿比一所一层楼别墅要大一点点。这座宫殿只有10间主要的房间，建在了公园中间梯形山的坡顶之上。腓特烈二世国王的个人设计与装潢风格影响颇大，因此此宫具有明显的“腓特烈洛可可”风格。腓特烈本人也对无忧宫感情颇深，他甚至深信“这座宫殿会与他同生共死”。由于克诺伯斯多夫在选址上与腓特烈发生了冲突而被这个国王解聘，后面的工程是由荷兰建筑师让·布曼完成的。
19世纪期间，无忧宫成为普鲁士国王腓特烈·威廉四世的夏宫，他聘请建筑师路德·佩修斯进行恢复和规模扩大，并让建筑师费迪南·冯·阿尔宁负责抬高地基，以扩大视野。波茨坦镇与这座宫殿一直深受德国皇室的喜爱，直到1918年霍亨索伦王朝的衰落。
第二次世界大战后，无忧宫成为东德的一个旅游景点。它完全尊重历史的重要性，并对公众开放。1990年德国统一后，达成了腓特烈最后的希望：他的身体终于回到他心爱的宫殿，并埋在可以俯瞰花园的新墓里。1990年，无忧宫及其花园成为联合国教科文组织保护下的世界遗产。
●The Attractions of both Art and Nature 艺术与自然统一的特色景点
The Sanssouci Palace is the synthetic product of European art movements in the 18th century. It combined the architecture innovation with the landscape design under the background of the monarchy.
德国无忧宫是18世纪欧洲艺术运动的合成品，结合了当时君主制背景精神下的建筑创意与地景设计。
The Terraced Gardens 葡萄山梯形公园
The panoramic vista of the garden of Sanssouci is the result of Frederick the Great's decision to create a terraced vineyard on the south slope of the hills of Bornstedt. The area had previously been wooded but the trees were felled during the reign of the"soldier-king"Frederick William I to allow the city of Potsdam to expand.On 10 August 1744，Frederick ordered the bare hillside to be transformed into terraced vineyards.Three wide terraces were created, with convex centres to maximise the sun light.Trellised vines from Portugal, Italy and France, were planted against the brickwork, while figs grew in the niches.The individual parts of the terrace were further divided by strips of lawn, on which were planted yew trees.In the middle of this"wheel"，120 steps（now 132）led downward further dividing the terraces into six.
Below the hill, a Baroque ornamental garden, modelled on the parterre at Versailles, was constructed in 1745. But the Great Fountain was built at the centre of this garden in 1748.Frederick never saw the fountain playing because the engineers employed in the constructionhad little understanding of the hydraulics involved.From 1750，marble statues were placed around the basin of the fountain.They were figures of Venus, Mercury, Apollo, Diana, Juno, Jupiter, Mars and Minerva, as well as allegorical portrayals of the four elements Fire, Water, Air and Earth.Venus and Mercury, the works of the sculptor Pigalle, allegories of the elements（wind and water）by Lambert Adam, were presented by Versailles's owner, the French King Louis XV.The remaining figures came from the workshop of Francois Gaspard Adam.
Nearby was a kitchen garden, which Frederick William I had laid out sometime prior to 1715. The soldier-king jokingly gave this simple garden the name"My Marly"，in reference to the very similar garden at the summer residence of the Louis XIV in Marly-le-Roi.Frederick attached great importance on the combination of both an ornamental and a practical garden, thus demonstrating his belief that art and nature should be united.
无忧宫著名的园林风景是腓特烈大帝决定在伯恩施泰德的南侧山坡上建立梯形的葡萄山的结果。在这以前，在军曹皇帝腓特烈·威廉一世时期，这里的树木被砍伐，用于扩建波茨坦市。1744年8月10日，腓特烈大帝下令，将这片当时的光秃秃的山坡开垦成葡萄梯形公园。为了达到尽可能利用太阳射线的目的，墙被建成了以台阶为中心的三个广阔的梯形露台。其中承重墙的墙面被更换，取而代之的则是来自葡萄牙，意大利和法国的单株葡萄藤，壁龛里却种上了无花果树。每个梯形又被草坪分割成更小的单元，种上了紫杉树。120阶台阶（今天是132阶）被建筑在中轴线上，这个梯形露台被分成六个部分。
1745年，山下的空地上建起了一座巴洛克风格的观赏花园。从1748年开始，花园的正中心建起了一个带有喷泉的蓄水池。但腓特烈大帝从未能亲眼看见喷泉喷水，因为在他的那个时代，还没有足够的技术让喷泉喷出水来。从1750年开始有大理石雕刻成的罗马神话人物，被放置在水池的四周，他们是爱神维纳斯、商业神墨丘利、太阳神阿波罗、月神狄安娜、生育和婚姻之神朱诺、众神之神朱庇特、战神玛尔斯以及智慧之神米诺娃和连同具有象征意义的火、水、风、土四元素。其中，爱神维纳斯和商业神墨丘利的雕刻家是皮嘉尔，风和水的雕像则出于朗贝尔·亚当之手。它们都是呈送给法王路易十五的礼物。其他雕像则来自于一个叫弗朗索瓦·亚当的人的创作室。
附近是一个厨房花园，其中腓特烈·威廉一世在1715年之前时建造的。这个军曹皇帝开玩笑地将这个单调的小花园命名为“我的马尔利”，它与路易十四居住的马尔利夏宫十分相似。腓特烈十分注重花园的观赏价值与使用价值之间的结合，从而显示出他的信念：艺术与自然的统一。
The Chinese House 中国楼
The Chinese House is a garden pavilion in Sanssouci Park in Potsdam. Frederick the Great had it built, about seven hundred meters southwest of the Sanssouci Summer Palace, to adorn his flower and vegetable garden.The garden architect was Johann Gottfried, who between 1755 and 1764 designed the pavilion in the then-popular style of Chinoiserie, a mixture of ornamental rococo elements and parts of Chinese architecture.
The unusually long building time of nine years is attributed to the Seven Years'War, during which Prussia's economic and financial situation suffered significantly. As the building served not only as a decorative piece of garden architecture but also as a setting for small social events, Frederick the Great ordered the building of a Chinese Kitchen, a few meters south-east of the Chinese House.A few years later, the Dragon House was built in the form of a Chinese pagoda on the northern edge of Sanssouci Park.The building was Frederick the Great'sattempt to follow the Chinese fashion of the 18th century.
中国楼是坐落在波茨坦无忧公园里的一座花园楼亭。当年腓特烈大帝将中国楼建在了无忧宫西南约700米的地方，来点缀他的花卉和蔬菜园。花园的建筑师是约翰·戈特弗里德，他于1755～1764年，将亭子设计成当时很流行的中国风情调，是洛可可风格与部分中国建筑的完美结合。
建中国楼花费了长达9年的时间，这主要是因为“七年战争”，那时的普鲁士的经济和金融形势受到了严重的威胁。由于中国楼不单单是用来作为观赏的花园建筑，还是当时小型社会活动的举办地，所以腓特烈大帝下令在中国楼东南几米处建造一间中国式厨房。几年后，在无忧公园的北端又建起了中国特色的宝塔，名曰：“龙之家。”这个建筑是腓特烈大帝追随18世纪中国风的一次尝试。