Hagia Sophia：Witnessed the Cultural and Religio...
23.Hagia Sophia：Witnessed the Cultural and Religious Wars 圣索菲亚大教堂——见证了文化和宗教战争的圣地
Hagia Sophia was built at the peak of the Byzantine Empire. After the fall of Byzantine, it was converted into an Ottoman mosque.Today, the monument is a museum serving both Christians and Muslims.Its story is engraved with the history of Byzantine and religious culture.
圣索菲亚大教堂建于拜占庭帝国的鼎盛阶段，拜占庭帝国衰落后，它转变成了奥斯曼清真寺。如今它是基督徒和穆罕默德信徒共有的博物馆。它的身世刻上了拜占庭和宗教文化历史的烙印。
●The Complicated Historical Changes 几经波折的历史变迁
Hagia Sophia is a former Orthodox patriarchal basilica, later a mosque, and now a museum in Istanbul, Turkey. From the date of its dedication in 360 until 1453，it served as the Greek Patriarchal cathedral of Constantinople, except between 1204 and 1261，when it was converted to a Roman Catholic cathedral under the Latin Empire.The building was a mosque from 29 May 1453 until 1931，when it was secularized. It was opened as a museum on 1 February 1935.The Church was dedicated to the Logos, the second person of the Holy Trinity, its dedication feast taking place on 25 December, the anniversary of the Birth of the incarnation of the Logos in Christ.Although it is sometimes referred to as Sancta Sophia, Sophia is the phonetic spelling in Latin of the Greek word for wisdom-the full name in Greek being"Shrine of the Holy Wisdom of God".
Famous in particular for its massive dome, it is considered the epitome of Byzantine architecture and is said to have"changed the history of architecture."It was the largest cathedral in the world for nearly a thousand years, until Seville Cathedral was completed in 1520. The current building was originally constructed as a church between 532 and 537 on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian and was the third Church of the Holy Wisdom to occupy the site, the previous two having both been destroyed by rioters.It was designed by the Greek scientists Isidore of Miletus, a physicist, and Anthemius of Tralles, a mathematician.The church contained a large collection of holy relics and featured, among other things, a 49-foot silver iconostasis.It was the seat of the Patriarch of Constantinople and the religious focal point of the Eastern Orthodox Church for nearly one thousand years.It is the church in which Cardinal Humbert in 1054 excommunicated Michael I Cerularius-which is commonly considered the start of the Great Schism.
In 1453，Constantinople was conquered by the Ottoman Turks under Sultan Mehmed II, who subsequently ordered the building converted into a mosque. The bells, altar, iconostasis, and sacrificial vessels were removed and many of the mosaics were plastered over.Islamic features-such as the mihrab, minbar, and four minarets-were added while in the possession of the Ottomans.It remained a mosque until 1931 when it was closed to the public for four years.It was re-opened in 1935 as a museum by the Republicof Turkey.For almost 500 years the principal mosque of Istanbul, Hagia Sophia served as a model for many other Ottoman mosques.
圣索菲亚大教堂的前身是一座东正教的父权大教堂，后来成为一座清真寺，如今又成为土耳其伊斯坦布尔的一座博物馆。从360年到1453年，它一直是希腊父权君士坦丁堡大教堂，1204年和1261年除外，那两年它沦为拉丁帝国的天主教堂。这座教堂从1453年5月29日开始成为清真寺，直到1931年改作俗用。1935年2月1日，正式成为开放的博物馆。教堂是献给了基督教圣子，也即三位一体的圣父、圣子、圣灵中的第二位人物，献殿节定在12月25日那天，也就是基督中所说的耶稣化为肉身的那一天。虽然有时也被称为圣索菲亚，索菲亚却是希腊拉丁语中的“智慧”之意——希腊语中全称为“上帝的神圣智慧的神殿”。
这座教堂以它巨大的圆顶而闻名天下，被认为是典型的拜占庭式建筑，据说已经“改变了建筑历史”。这是近一千年以来全世界最大的大教堂，直到1520年的塞维利亚大教堂竣工才屈居第二。如今的建筑当初是在拜占庭皇帝查士丁尼的命令下，于532～537年间建造的教堂，是位于这个地方的第三座神圣智慧教堂，前两个教堂都已被暴徒捣毁。它是由希腊科学家们设计完成的，他们是物理学家米利都的伊西多尔，以及数学家安提莫斯。教堂里有大量的神圣文物，其中颇有特色的是一个49英尺高的银圣障。近千年来，它一直是君士坦丁堡的元老的座位和东正教的中心教堂。在1054年，主教亨伯特就是在这座教堂里将教父色路拉里乌斯驱逐出教会的——通常这被公认为大分裂的开始。
1453年，君士坦丁堡被苏丹哈默德二世领导的奥斯曼土耳其人占领，随后他就下令将此建筑改建成清真寺。大钟、圣坛、圣障和礼器都被拆除，许多马赛克镶嵌画被涂上灰泥。当奥斯曼土耳其人侵占时便添加了伊斯兰特色建筑——祭坛、敏拜楼和四个尖塔。这座清真寺一直维持到1931年，接下来的四年对公众关闭。1935年，又作为土耳其共和国博物馆而重新开放。近500年来作为伊斯坦布尔的主要清真寺，圣索菲亚大教堂一直是许多其他奥斯曼清真寺的榜样。
●The Closely Related Historical Story 息息相关的历史故事
According to legend, the origin of the name of Byzantium had something to do with a Greek named Byzas. He followed the oracle, and found an ideal place at the junction of Europe and Asia, the land and the sea.And he name it after his own name.
Then Byzantine boarded the stage of world history. It attributed to the unique eye of Constantine the Great of Rome.In 312，he succeeded in obtaining the power, and selected Byzantine as the Christchurch of the new Rome.On May 11，330，he moved officially the capital to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople.
Constantine the Great built the city to show off the momentum of the Roman empire and attract the world. Then he began to beautify the Constantinople in all kinds of gorgeous decorative ways.He built fountains and columns in the streets and moved African jewelry, European sculptures, and others to Constantinople.In 325 AD, Constantine the Great also built a cathedral.The story of this beautiful church was closely tied to the history of Constantinople.It is just the Hagia Sophia.For the next one thousand years, Constantinople had been the world's most gorgeous and richest city.
拜占庭这个名字的由来，传说是由一位希腊人拜占斯依循神谕，在欧洲与亚洲交界处、陆地与海洋交界处找到理想之地，并以自己的名字为其命名而来。
后来，拜占庭登上了世界历史舞台，这要归因于罗马帝国君士坦丁大帝的慧眼独具，他于公元312年夺权成功之后，选定拜占庭作为新罗马的基督城，并于公元330年5月11日正式迁都拜占庭，改名为君士坦丁堡。
君士坦丁大帝建造城市是为了夸耀罗马帝国的声势，同时吸引各国来归，于是他使用了各种华丽的装饰方式来美化君士坦丁堡：在街道上装饰喷泉和廊柱，又将非洲的珠宝、欧洲的雕刻等全搬过来。公元325年，君士坦丁大帝还盖了一座大教堂，这座美丽的大教堂的身世与君士坦丁堡的历史紧紧相系，它就是圣索菲亚大教堂。此后一千年，君士坦丁堡一直是全世界最华丽与最富有的都市。
●The Characteristic Attractions of Mosaic Type 马赛克式的特色景点
The church was richly decorated with mosaics throughout the centuries. They either depicted the Virgin Mother, Jesus, saints, or emperors and empresses.Other parts were decorated in a purely decorative style with geometric patterns.
几个世纪以来，这座教堂一直镶嵌着丰富的马赛克式图案。这些图案描绘着圣母、耶稣、圣徒，或皇帝和皇后。其他地方的点缀的则是纯粹装饰风格的几何图案。
Imperial Gate Mosaics 帝国大门马赛克
It is located in the tympanum above the gate, used only by the emperors when entering the church. Based on style analysis, it has been dated to the late 9th or early 10th century.The emperor with a nimbus or halo could possibly represent emperor Leo VI the Wise or his sonConstantine VII Porphyrogenitus bowing down before Christ Pantocrator, seated on a jeweled throne, giving His blessing and holding in His left hand an open book.The text on the book reads as follows："Peace be with you.I am the light of the world".On each side of Christ's shoulders is a circular medallion：on His left the Archangel Gabriel, on His right His Mother Mary.
帝国大门马赛克位于帝国大门上的鼓室，帝国大门是帝王进出教堂专用的大门。根据分析显示，帝国大门马赛克是9世纪晚期至10世纪早期的作品。马赛克上显示的光环可能是代表利奥五世或他的儿子君士坦丁七世向基督神像躬身，马赛克上的基督神像坐在饰有珠宝的宝座上祝颂，左手拿着一本打开的书籍。书上写道：“和平与你同在。我是世界的光。”在基督的两肩处各有一个圆雕：左方是握有权杖的大天使加百利，右方是圣母玛利亚。
Apse Mosaics 半圆壁龛马赛克
It was Apse mosaics of Virgin Mother and Child. It was inaugurated on 29 March 867 by Patriarch Photius and the emperors Michael III and Basil I.This mosaic is situated in a high location on the half dome of the apse.Mary is sitting on a throne without a back, holding the Child Jesus on her lap.Her feet rest on a pedestal.Both the pedestal and the throne are adorned with precious stones.These mosaics were believed to be a reconstruction of the mosaics of the 6th century that were previously destroyed during the iconoclastic era by the Byzantines of that time.However, no record of figural decoration of Hagia Sophia exists before this time.The mosaics are set against the original golden background of the 6th century.The portraits of the archangels Gabriel and Michael（largely destroyed）in the bema of the arch also date from the 9th century.
这是圣母与圣子的半圆壁龛。它是867年3月29日，由佛提乌斯族长、迈克尔三世和巴西尔一世建造的。这个马赛克建筑坐落在半圆顶教堂的一个较高位置上。玛利亚坐在没有靠背的宝座上，手中抱着小耶稣，这个孩子坐在她的膝上。她的脚踏在底座上休息。底座和宝座都镶嵌上珍贵的宝石。这些马赛克图案被认为是6世纪马赛克的重建，因为以前的马赛克已被拜占庭那个打破旧习的时代摧毁了。然而，在此之前却没有圣索菲亚大教堂的具象装饰的记录。这个马赛克的背景是6世纪的金色背景。拱形栏内的高座大天使加百利和米迦勒的肖像（大部分被毁）也可以追溯到9世纪。
Emperor Alexander Mosaic 亚力山大大帝马赛克
The Emperor Alexander mosaic is not easy to find for the first-time visitor, located in the second floor in a dark corner of the ceiling. It depicts Emperor Alexander in full regalia, holding a scroll in his right hand and a globus cruciger in his left.A drawing by Fossati showed that the mosaic survived until 1849，and that Thomas Whittemore, founder of the Byzantine Institute of America who was granted permission to preserve the mosaics, assumed that it had been destroyed in the earthquake of 1894.Eight years after his death, the mosaic was discovered in 1958 largely through the researches of Robert Van Nice.Unlike most of the other mosaics in Hagia Sophia, which had been covered over by ordinary plaster, the Alexander mosaic was simply painted over and reflected the surrounding mosaic patterns and thus was well hidden.
对于初此到此的游客来说，亚历山大大帝马赛克不太容易找到，它位于第二层天花板的暗黑角落处。马赛克描绘着亚历山大大帝全身穿戴着特别服饰，右手持卷轴，左手执带球十字架。佛萨提的油画显示它曾在1849年遭到破坏。1849年，美国拜占庭研究所的创办人托马斯·惠特莫尔获得维护亚历山大大帝马赛克的准许。在惠特莫尔逝世了8年后，研究员罗伯特·范尼斯在1958年发现了亚历山大大帝马赛克的大部分。它不像其他圣索菲亚大教堂的马赛克那样被石膏覆盖，而只是被油漆简单地覆盖，与周边的马赛克图案没有两样，因此被隐藏得很好。
Empress Zoe Mosaics 女皇佐伊马赛克
The Empress Zoe mosaics on the eastern wall of the southern gallery date from the 11th century. Christ Pantocrator, clad in the dark blue robe, is seated in the middle against a golden background, giving His blessing with the right hand and holding the Bible in His left hand.On either side of His head are the monograms IC and XC, meaning Iēsous Khristos.He is flanked by Constantine IX Monomachus and Empress Zoe, both in ceremonial costumes.He is offering a purse, as symbol of the donation he made to the church, while she is holding a scroll, symbol of the donations she made.The inscription over the head of the emperor says："Constantine, pious emperor in Christ the God, king of the Romans, Monomachus".The inscription over the head of the empress reads as follows："Zo?，the very pious Augusta".The previous heads have been scraped off and replaced by the three present ones.Perhaps the earlier mosaic showed her first husband Romanus III Argyrus or her adopted son Michael IV.Another theory is that these mosaics were made for an earlier emperor and empress, with their heads changed into the present ones.
在南楼座东侧墙壁上的女皇佐伊马赛克出自11世纪。马赛克上的基督神像身穿深蓝色长袍，他坐在金色背景的中央位置，以右手祝颂的同时左手拿着圣经。在他头顶的两侧分别写有“IC”及“XC”，意指“耶稣基督”。身穿礼服的君士坦丁九世和佐伊女皇分别在耶稣的左右侧。君士坦丁九世呈上钱包，象征着他在教堂的奉献；佐伊女皇手持卷轴，象征着她作出的奉献。君士坦丁九世头上的文字写道：“君士坦丁，上帝基督虔诚的皇帝、罗马帝王、蒙那马裘斯。”佐伊女皇头上的文字写道：“佐伊，非常虔诚的奥斯古塔。”他们原来的头部已被刮去，现时那三个是后来替换上的。早期版本的马赛克可能显示佐伊女皇的首任丈夫罗曼努斯三世或她的养子米海尔四世。另有一说法认为这幅马赛克原本是描绘更早期的皇帝及女皇，后来被换上了现在这个版本。
