Moscow Kremlin：The Eighth Wonder in the World 克...
16.Moscow Kremlin：The Eighth Wonder in the World 克里姆林宫——世界第八奇景
The Moscow Kremlin was the Tsar's palace and Moscow's oldest group of buildings, enjoying"the 8th wonder in the world". It is a symbol of Russia, the historical treasures, and the treasure-chamber for cultural and artistic monuments.
克里姆林宫曾是历代沙皇的宫殿、莫斯科最古老的建筑群，享有“世界第八奇景”的美誉。它是俄罗斯国家的象征，是历史瑰宝、文化和艺术古迹的宝库。
●The History and Architectural Characteristics of the Moscow Kremlin 克里姆林宫的历史与建筑特点
The Moscow Kremlin is a historic fortified complex at the heart of Moscow, overlooking the Moskva River（to the South），Saint Basil's Cathedral and Red Square（to the East）and the Alexander Garden（to the West）. It is the best known of kremlins（Russian citadels）and includes fourpalaces, four cathedrals and the enclosing Kremlin Wall with Kremlin towers.The complex serves as the official residence of the President of the Russian Federation.
The site has been continuously inhabited since the second century BC. The Slavs occupied the south-western portion of the hill as early as the 11th century, as evidenced by a metropolitan seal from the 1090s, which was unearthed by Soviet archaeologists in the area.Up to the 14th century, the site was known as the‘grad of Moscow'.The grad was greatly extended by Prince Yuri Dolgorukiy in 1156，destroyed by the Mongols in 1237 and rebuilt in oak in 1339.
The Church of St. John Climacus（1329），the Transfiguration Monastery's Katholikon（1330），and the Archangel Cathedral（1333）—all built of limestone and decorated with elaborate carving, each crowned by a single dome.Of these churches, the reconstructed Saviour Cathedral alone survived into the 20th century, only to be pulled down at the urging of Stalin in 1933.
The Soviet government moved from Petrograd to Moscow on 12 March 1918. Vladimir Lenin selected the Kremlin Senate as his residence.In 1937，Golden eagles on the towers were replaced by shining Kremlin stars.
The residence of the Soviet government was closed to tourists until 1955. It was not until the Khrushchev Thaw that the Kremlin was reopened to foreign visitors.The Kremlin Museums were established in 1961 and the complex was among the first Soviet patrimonies inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1990.After the disintegrationof the Soviet Union in 1991，Moscow Kremlin became the administrative headquarters of the Russian Federation.
克里姆林宫是位于莫斯科市中央的一个建筑群，其南面俯瞰莫斯科河，东临圣华西里大教堂与红场，西接亚历山大花园与无名烈士墓。四周由宫墙围四座宫殿、四座大教堂、多座塔楼而成，是俄罗斯联邦的总统办公驻地。
早在公元前2世纪开始，该地就人类定居活动的记载。自11世纪开始，斯拉夫人便在山冈西南面修筑定居防御建筑。苏联时代的考古学家在这里出土了一枚1090年代的东正教主教印章。直到14世纪前，其址一直是莫斯科的“格勒”。1156年，此格勒被尤里·多尔戈鲁基王子大幅扩建，1237年，被蒙古人毁灭，1339年用以橡木重建。
圣天梯约翰钟楼教堂（1329）、基督变容修道院教堂（1330）、天使长大教堂（1333）——这些建筑皆用石灰石建造，装饰以复杂精美的雕刻，每座建筑的顶部都有特征性的圆拱。这些教堂中，唯一在20世纪幸存的是重建的救世主大教堂，直到1933年才被斯大林摧毁。
苏维埃政府在1918年3月12日将政府从彼得格勒迁回莫斯科，列宁也将自己的私人住所搬到了这里。1937年，塔楼上的沙皇鹰被五角红星替代。
苏维埃政府驻地直到1955年才对本国国民开放，直到赫鲁晓夫解冻才重新向外国游客开放。克里姆林宫博物馆成立于1961，于是这个建筑群首批列入1990年世界文化遗产名录。1991年苏联解体后，克里姆林宫成为俄罗斯联邦行政总部。
●All Kinds of Classical Architectures 琳琅满目的古典建筑
The Moscow Kremlin preserves Russian works of art. Each building inside it contains the Russian people's incomparable wisdom.They are rare masterpieces in the architectural history of the world.
克里姆林宫内保存有俄国艺术的杰作，每一座建筑都蕴含着俄罗斯人民无与伦比的智慧，是世界建筑史上不可多得的杰作。
Cathedral Square 大教堂广场
Cathedral Square is the central square of the Moscow Kremlin whereall of its streets used to converge in the 15th century. The square owes its name to the three cathedrals facing it-Cathedral of the Dormition, Cathedral of the Archangel, and Cathedral of the Annunciation.Apart from these, the Palace of Facets, the Church of the Deposition of the Robe and the Church of the Twelve Apostles are placed there.The tallest structure on the square（and formerly in all of Russia）is Ivan the Great Bell Tower, which also separates Sobornaya Square from Ivanovskaya Square.
Cathedral Square is famous as the site of solemn coronation and funeral processions of all the Russian tsars, patriarchs, and Grand Dukes of Moscow. Even today, the square is used in the inauguration ceremony of the President of Russia.The square is also the scene of the daily changing of the Horse Guards（a spectacular imperial tradition restored in the 21st century.Occasionally, operas（such as Boris Godunov）are performed in the majestic setting of the historic cathedrals as well.
大教堂广场是莫斯科克里姆林宫的中心广场，它的所有的街道都是在15世纪建成的。大教堂广场得名于面向它的三座大教堂——圣母升天大教堂、天使长大教堂和圣母领报大教堂。此外，多棱宫、圣母法衣存放教堂和十二使徒教堂也位于此处。广场上最高的建筑（以前全俄罗斯最高建筑）是伊凡大帝钟楼，它分开了大教堂广场和伊万诺沃广场。
大教堂广场曾是所有的俄罗斯沙皇、宗主教和莫斯科大公举行加冕和葬礼游行的地点，今天，俄罗斯总统的就职仪式仍在此举行。大教堂广场上，在21世纪恢复了每天骑兵换岗仪式的传统。偶尔，在古老的大教堂内也会表演歌剧（如《鲍里斯·戈杜诺夫》）。
Ivan the Great Bell Tower 伊凡大帝钟楼
The Ivan the Great Bell Tower is the tallest of the towers in the Moscow Kremlin complex, with a total height of 81 metres. It was built in 1508 for the Russian Orthodox cathedrals in Cathedral Square, namely the Assumption, Archangel and Annunciation cathedrals, which do not have their own belfries.It is said to mark Moscow's precise geographic center.
伊凡大帝钟楼是莫斯科克里姆林宫最高的塔楼，高81米。它建于1508年，为大教堂广场上的三座东正教大教堂——圣母升天大教堂、天使长大教堂和圣母领报大教堂而建，因为这三座教堂都没有自己的钟楼。据说它标志着莫斯科的地理中心。
Church of the Twelve Apostles 十二使徒教堂
The Church of the Twelve Apostles is a minor cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin, commissioned by Patriarch Nikon as part of his stately residence in 1653 and dedicated to Philip the Apostle three years later. Although premises for the Muscovite metropolitan had existed in the Kremlin ever since the 14th century, Patriarch Nikon, who aspired to rival the tsar in authority and magnificence, had them replaced with a much more ambitious residence.The dedication was altered to the twelve apostles in 1682.
The patriarchal residence was seriously damaged when the Bolsheviks shelled the Kremlin in October 1917. Subsequently the church was restored in order to accommodate the applied arts museum.Very little subsists of its original murals, yet there is a delightful 17th-century iconostasis, salvaged from the Ascension Convent cathedral upon its demolition by the Bolsheviks.
十二使徒教堂是位于莫斯科克里姆林宫内的一个小教堂，1653年由尼康牧首修建，作为他的住所，3年后敬献给使徒菲利普。莫斯科都主教自从14世纪就住在克里姆林宫。但是尼康牧首希望建造一个更为宏伟的居所，与沙皇的权威和辉煌竞争。1682年，改为敬礼十二使徒。
1917年十月革命时，牧首宫受到严重破坏。后来教堂得到修复，改为应用艺术博物馆。原有的壁画保存下来的很少，但有一个精美的17世纪圣幛，来自被布尔什维克拆毁的升天修道院大教堂。
The Church of the Deposition of the Robe 圣母法衣存放教堂
The Church of the Deposition of the Robe is a church which stands on Cathedral Square in the Moscow Kremlin. It was begun in 1484 by masters from Pskov, most likely by the same group of architects who built the adjacent Cathedral of the Annunciation.The church was built on the site of a previous church, built by Jonah Metropolitan of Moscow in 1451.It is said to refer to a festival dating from the 5th century AD, celebrating when the robe of the Virgin Mary was taken from Palestine to Constantinople, where it protected the city from being conquered.For example, tradition says that during the Rus'-Byzantine War of 860 the patriarch placed the Virgin's Robe into the sea, causing a storm that destroyed the invading Russian ships.
Originally, the church served as the private chapel of the Patriarch of Moscow, but during the mid-17th century it was taken over by the Russian royal family. The church was badly damaged in a fire in 1737.Today, the church also houses a display of wood sculpture from the 14th to 19th century.
圣母法衣存放教堂位于克里姆林宫内的大教堂广场，于1484年由普斯科夫的工匠修建，有可能与毗邻的圣母领报大教堂出于同一批工匠之手。这座教堂建在由莫斯科的约拿兴建于1451年的教堂的原址。据说在5世纪，圣母的法衣从巴勒斯坦送往君士坦丁堡，保护该市免于被征服。例如，传说在860年的罗斯-拜占庭战争中，牧首将圣母法衣扔进大海，引起的风暴摧毁了入侵的罗斯舰队。
这座教堂最初是莫斯科牧首的私人小教堂，但是在17世纪中叶归属俄国皇室。在1737年大火中，教堂受损严重。今天，这座教堂展出14到19世纪的木雕。
Kremlin Wall Necropolis 克里姆林宫红场墓园
Tombs of Suslov, Stalin, Kalinin, Dzerzhinsky, Brezhnev in front of the Kremlin wall. Tomb of Yuri Andropov, which stands between Kalinin's and Dzerzhinsky's, is obstructed by trees.
Burials in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis in Moscow began in November 1917，when 240 pro-Bolshevik victims of the October Revolution were buried in mass graves on Red Square. It is centered on both sides of Lenin's Mausoleum, initially built in wood in 1924 and rebuilt in granite in 1929-1930.After the last mass burial made in 1921，funerals on Red Square were usually conducted as state ceremonies and reserved as the last honor for the notable politicians, military leaders, cosmonauts and scientists.In 1925-1927 burials in the ground were stopped；funerals were now conducted as burials of cremated ash in the Kremlin wall itself.Burials in the ground only resumed with Mikhail Kalinin's funeral in 1946.The practice of burying dignitaries on Red Square ended with the funeral of Konstantin Chernenko in March 1985.The Kremlin Wall Necropolis was designated a protected landmark in 1974.
在克里姆林宫墙的前面，安置着苏斯洛夫、斯大林、加里宁、捷尔任斯基、勃列日涅夫的陵墓。尤里·安德罗波夫的陵墓介于加里宁与捷尔任斯基之间，已经被丛生的树木掩盖得不见踪影。
最早于1917年11月第一批葬于克里姆林宫红场墓园的人士，是俄国十月革命时的苏维埃革命烈士。它以列宁墓的两端为中心，起先是建于1924年的木质建筑，后来于1929～1930 年用花岗岩重建而成。在1921年最后一批集体安葬之后，红场上的葬礼通常变成了国家大典，成为著名政客、军队领导、宇航员、科学家的最后的荣耀。1925～1927年间，这样的葬礼被搁浅了；如今的葬礼只是将火葬的骨灰洒在红场的墙上而已。直到1946年，米哈伊尔·加里宁的葬礼才开始安葬于地里。将高官显贵埋葬与红场的习俗随着1985年3月的康斯坦丁·契尔年科葬礼的结束而画上了休止符。1974年，克里姆林宫红场墓园被指定为一个受到保护的里程碑。
