St Paul’s Cathedral：The Monument of the Classic...

20.St Paul’s Cathedral：The Monument of the Classical Architectures　圣保罗大教堂——古典主义建筑的纪念碑

The St. Paul's Cathedral is located in London.It is one of the Baroque architecture representatives and the world's second largest dome church.It is a copy of the St.Peter's Basilica in Rome, and a representative of the British classical architectures.

圣保罗大教堂坐落于英国伦敦，是巴洛克风格建筑的代表、世界第二大圆顶教堂。它模仿罗马的圣彼得大教堂，是英国古典主义建筑的代表。

●The Architectural History and the Important Position　建筑历史和重要地位

St Paul's Cathedral, London, is a Church of England cathedral and seat of the Bishop of London. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604.St Paul's sits at the top of Ludgate Hill, the highest point in the City of London, and is the mother church of the Diocese of London.The present church dating from the late 17th century was built to an English Baroque design of Sir Christopher Wren, as part of a major rebuilding program which took place in the city after the Great Fire of London, and was completed within his lifetime.

The cathedral is one of the most famous and most recognisable sights of London, with its dome, dominating the skyline for 300 years. At 365 feet high, it was the tallest building in London from 1710 to 1962，and its dome is also among the highest in the world.In terms of area, St Paul's is the second largest church building in the United Kingdom after Liverpool Cathedral.

St Paul's Cathedral occupies a significant place in the national identity of the English population. It is the central subject of much promotional material, as well as postcard images of the dome standing tall, surrounded by the smoke and fire of the Blitz.Important services held at St Paul's include the funerals of Lord Nelson, the Duke of Wellington and Sir Winston Churchill；Jubilee celebrations for Queen Victoria；peace services marking the end of the First and Second World Wars；the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana Spencer, the launch of the Festival of Britain and the thanksgiving services for the Golden Jubilee, the 80th Birthday and the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. St Paul's Cathedral is a busy working church, with hourly prayer and daily services.

伦敦圣保罗大教堂是英国国教教堂和伦敦主教所在地。它对圣徒保罗的贡献历史可以追溯到原先坐落在这里的始建于公元604年的那座教堂。圣保罗位于拉德盖特山顶部，是伦敦市的最高点，也是伦敦主教堂之母。目前的教堂可以追溯到17世纪后期，是由克里斯托弗·雷恩爵士设计的英国巴洛克式建筑。在伦敦大火之后，作为一个主要的重建计划，克里斯托弗·雷恩爵士又对其进行了重建，并在他的有生之年完成了这项工程。

大教堂是伦敦最知名的著名景点之一，因为它的圆顶而闻名天下，雄踞天际300年。此教堂高365英尺，是1710～1962年间伦敦最高的建筑，其圆顶也是世界上最高的圆顶之一。就面积而言，圣保罗是仅次于英国利物浦大教堂的第二大教堂建筑。

圣保罗大教堂作为国家教堂，在英国民众当中占有举足轻重的地位。它是众多的宣传资料中的焦点，它那在伦敦大轰炸的弥漫烟火中毅然挺立的圆顶图片也曾被制作成明信片。在圣保罗大教堂举行过重要的活动，例如，纳尔逊勋爵的葬礼，惠灵顿公爵的葬礼以及温斯顿·丘吉尔的葬礼；维多利亚女王的纪念庆典；第一次世界大战与第二次世界大战的和平庆典；威尔士亲王查尔斯王子和王妃戴安娜的婚礼，英国的喜庆日，金禧感恩节，伊丽莎白二世女王的80大寿和钻石婚大庆。圣保罗大教堂是一个忙碌的教堂，每个小时都会做祈祷，提供日常服务。

●Sir Christopher Wren　克里斯托弗·雷恩爵士

Sir Christopher Wren（1632-1723）is one of the most highly acclaimed English architects in history. He was accorded responsibility for rebuilding 51 churches in the City of London after the Great Fire in 1666，including his masterpiece, St.Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill, completed in 1710.Other notable buildings by Wren include the Royal Naval College in Greenwich and the south front of Hampton Court Palace.

St Paul's has always been the highlight of Wren's reputation. His association with it spans his whole architectural career, including the 36 years between the start of the new building and the declaration by parliament of its completion in 1711.Wren had been involved in repairs of the old cathedral since 1661.In the spring of 1666，he made his first design for a dome for St Paul's.It was accepted in principle on August 27，1666.One week later, however, the Great Fire of London reduced two-thirds of the City to a smoking desert and old St Paul's to a ruin.

In 1697，the first service was held in the cathedral when Wren was 65. There was still, however, no dome.Finally in 1711 the cathedral was declared complete, and Wren was paid the half of his salary that, in the hope of accelerating progress, Parliament had withheld for 14 years since 1697.The cathedral had been built for 36 years under his direction, and the only disappointment he had about his masterpiece was the dome：against his wishes the commission engaged Thornhill to paint the inner dome in false perspective and finally authorized a balustrade around the proof line.

克里斯托弗·雷恩爵士（1632～1723）是英国历史上赞誉最高的建筑师。他于1666年受命负责重建了伦敦大火后的伦敦城里的51个教堂，其中包括他的杰作：于1710年完工的坐落在拉德盖特山的圣保罗大教堂。雷恩爵士负责的其他著名建筑包括格林尼治的皇家海军学院和汉普顿宫的南缘。

圣保罗大教堂一直都是雷恩的巅峰巨作。他因这件作品而成功跨越整个建筑生涯，从这座新的建筑开始建造到1711年国会宣布它重建完毕，一共持续了36年之久。1661年以后，雷恩曾参与修旧教堂的修建。1666年的春天，他为圣保罗大教堂的圆顶做出了他的第一个设计。这个设计是1666年8月27日被基本采纳的。然而，一个星期后，一场伦敦大火灾将2/3的城市化为灰烬，将老圣保罗大教堂变成废墟。

1697年，圣保罗大教堂举行了第一次庆典活动，那年雷恩已经65岁高龄。那时候还没有圆顶。直到最后，1711年，教堂才宣布竣工，雷恩爵士也领到了一半的薪水，那是国会自1697年以来为了加快修建进度而扣留了14年之久的工资。大教堂在他的督导下建造了36年才完工，他对他的杰作唯一失望的地方就是圆顶：该委员会雇用松希尔在错误的角度上粉刷圆顶，最后只好在证明线周围竖立一个栏杆，这与雷恩爵士的想法是背道而驰的。

●The Architectural Characteristics and Scenic Spots of the Cathedral　大教堂的建筑特色与风景点

The St. Paul's Cathedral in London has unique style in construction.It not only inherits the traditional church architecture, but also breaks through the general church design.It is worthy of appreciation.

伦敦圣保罗大教堂的建筑别具一格，既继承了传统的教堂建筑艺术，又突破了普通教堂的设计，值得欣赏。

The Main Buildings　主体建筑

The main buildings are two cross buildings of 150 meters long，39 meters wide and 2 floors. In the middle of the cross building, there is vault dome of 111.4 meters high.Beneath the dome there is a two-floor round building above the cross building.Outside the corridor around the bottom, there are a circle of round stone pillars.On the top, there is a balcony composed of a circle of boulders and people can stand here enjoying the view of London.

At the upper end of the dome roof, there is gilt big cross. The front gate is facing west.In front of it, there is a corridor composed of six pairs of large circular stone columns.On the gable wall at the upper part of the front gate, there stands the stone statue of St Paul.On both sides of the frontage buildings of the church, there are a pair of symmetrical towers.There hangs a harmonious bell in the bell tower in the northwest corner；there hangs a big copper bell weighing 17 tons in the bell tower in the southwest corner.The largest bell in England is always beaten by the church members for 5 minutes at one o'clock every morning.

主体建筑是两座长150米、宽39米的两层十字形大楼。十字楼的中间，烘托着一座高达111.4米的穹窿圆顶建筑。圆顶底下高出十字楼的部分，是一个两层圆楼。底层四周的走廊外面，建有一圈圆形的石柱。顶层则有一圈石栏围拢的阳台，人们可以站在这里欣赏伦敦的市景。

穹窿顶盖的上端，安放着一个镀金的大十字架。教堂正门面西，门前有一道由六对高大的圆形石柱组成的走廊。正门上部的人字墙上，立着圣保罗的石雕像。教堂正面建筑的两端，有一对互相对称的钟楼。西北角的钟楼里，挂着一组和谐音调的教堂用钟；西南角的钟楼里，吊着一具重达17吨的大铜钟。这具英格兰最大的铜钟，在每天半夜1点，由教堂人员敲打5分钟。

The Small Square and the Monuments　小广场和纪念碑

Before the front gate, there are 22 steps. On the small square belowthe steps, there is a stone statue of Queen Anne, which was built in 1712，in praise of her"halcyon days".Queen Anne was known as a drunkard.Coincidentally, there were originally a row of pubs in front of the church.

Like other famous churches, there are also a number of tombs and monuments of the kings, princes and aristocrats. The tombs of the famous admiral Nelson（1758～1805）and the British Prime Minister Wellington（1769～1852）are right here.The two generals were the heroes fighting against Napoleon in the early 19th century.

教堂的正门前面，有22级台阶。台阶下面的小广场上，有一座于1712年建立的女王安妮的石雕像，歌颂她的“太平盛世”。安妮女王以嗜酒著称，正巧大教堂的前面原来是一排酒馆。

同其他有名的教堂一样，这里也有一些王公达官们的坟墓和纪念碑。英国历史上著名的海军上将纳尔逊（1758～1805年）和英国首相惠灵顿（1769～1852年）的墓室，就在这里。这两位将军都是19世纪初期同拿破仑作战的英雄。