Schonbrunn Palace：The Witness of Habsburg’s His...
17.Schonbrunn Palace：The Witness of Habsburg’s History of Honor and Disgrace 美泉宫——哈布斯堡荣辱史的见证人
Schonbrunn Palace is a Rococo summer residence in modern Vienna, Austria. One of the most important cultural monuments in the country, since the 1960s it has been one of the major tourist attractions in Vienna.The palace and gardens illustrate the tastes, interests, and aspirations of successive Habsburg monarchs.
美泉宫是坐落在如今的奥地利首都维也纳的巴洛克风格的夏宫建筑。作为这个国家最重要的文化丰碑，1960年以来成为维也纳最负盛名的旅游景点。宫殿和花园都诠释着历任哈布斯堡君主的口味、兴趣和愿望。
●The Origin of the Name and the Historical Footnotes 名字的由来与历史花絮
According to legend, Emperor Matthias of the Holy Roman Empire once hunted here and found a spring in 1617. It was said that the one who often drank the springwater would become beautiful.Later, the palace was so named.
In 1696，Emperor Leopold I ordered Austria's most famous architect Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach to design an emperor's pleasure palace. The architect's design was soon completed.Its scale and degree of luxury were planed to go beyond the Versailles in France.But the prodigious plan of the architect could not be carried out due to the emperor's limited financial resources.In 1730，the Schonbrunn Palace was completed.Although no match for the Versailles, the 1441 rooms and the garden of 2 square kilometers were enough to show a Habsburg style.In 1744，Queen Maria Theresa instructed Nikolaus Pacassi to build it into a summer palace.From then on, the Schonbrunn Palace has become the witness of Habsburg's History of Honor or Disgrace.
In the flourishing age of the queen's reign, Mozart, the 6-year-old child prodigy, ever played the piano for Queen Maria Theresa. In the Schonbrunn Palace, the queen fell deeply into love with the distant Chinese culture, and even acted with her friends in the play of Chinese Yuan dynasty in the glorious palace.In 1805，Napoleon's army approached to the capital.He stayed in the Schonbrunn Palace and slept in the queen's bedroom.
In 1814，the Schonbrunn Palace became the place for the Congress of Vienna to hold marathon meetings. The political leaders from European countries lived in luxury for one year and more.In 1916，Franz Joseph, the longest monarch of the Habsburg dynasty, died in the Schonbrunn Palace, ending his 68 years of dominance.In 1918，Karl I, the last Habsburg king, signed the documents of abolishing monarchy.Since then, the first republic was born.
相传，1617年，神圣罗马帝国的马提阿斯皇帝狩猎至此，发现了一座泉眼。据说，常喝这泉水，人会长得漂亮。后来，这座宫殿因此而得名。
1696年，列奥波特一世皇帝责成当时奥地利最著名的建筑师费舍·冯·埃尔拉赫设计一座皇帝的游乐宫。建筑师的设计很快完成了。按设计，这座宫殿的规模和豪华程度与法国的凡尔赛宫相比有过之而无不及。但是由于皇帝的财力有限，建筑师好大喜功的计划未能如愿。1730年，美泉宫落成时，尽管不能和凡尔赛宫相比，但是它那1441间房间和2平方公里的园林，足以显示出哈布斯堡家族的气派。1744年，玛丽亚·特蕾西亚女皇责成尼古劳斯·帕佳西把这所游乐宫改建成夏宫。此后，美泉宫成了哈布斯堡荣辱史的见证人。
在女皇统治的盛世时期，6岁的神童莫扎特曾为女皇玛丽亚·特蕾西亚演奏钢琴。在美泉宫里，女皇深深爱上了来自遥远的中国文化，甚至曾和亲友一起，在金壁辉煌的宫廷里上演过中国元朝的大戏。1805年，拿破仑军队直逼京城，曾下榻美泉宫，并且睡在国王的卧室内。
1814年，美泉宫又成了维也纳议会召开马拉松式会议的地方。欧洲各国的政治领袖们在这里度过了一年多的奢华生活。1916年，哈布斯堡王朝执政最长的一位君主，弗兰茨·约瑟夫在这里与世长辞，结束了他长达68年的统治。1918年，哈布斯堡王朝的最后一位君王卡尔一世在放弃帝制的文件上签了字，从此第一共和国诞生。
●The Famous Historical Sights 著名的历史名胜景点
Today, the Schonbrunn Palace is a good place for tourists from all around the world to visit. The whole palace is of a Baroque style, but there are 44 rooms of a Rococo style.Among them, there are lots of historic attractions worth visiting.
今天，美泉宫是全世界各地游客乐于参观的地方。整个宫殿是巴洛克风格的，但是其中有44个房间是洛可可风格的，其中有很多值得参观的历史景点。
Roemische Ruine and Wagenburg 罗马废墟和御车陈列馆
On the opposite of the Beauty Pool, there is a piece of Roemische Ruine. From the Roemische Ruine to the east, a piece of obelisk is in sight.As everyone knows, the obelisk is the product of ancient Egypt.It is remarkable that the obelisk was supported by a tortoise.Perhaps, there is some traces of Chinese art.
Wagenburg was one of the winter riding schools in early times. Now, there is a display of 60 royal cars from the Habsburg empire since 1690.One of the most precious one is a carriage of 8 sets and 4 tons, which was devoted to the wedding and coronation of the kings.
在美丽泉的正对面是一片罗马废墟。从罗马废墟再向东行，可以看到一块方尖碑。众所周知，方尖碑是古埃及的产物，值得注意的是，这块方尖碑是由乌龟托起的，也许这里也有几分中国艺术的痕迹吧。
御车陈列馆早年是一个冬季骑术学校。如今，这里陈列着哈布斯堡帝国从1690年以来使用的60多辆御车。其中最珍贵的一驾重达4吨的八套马车，这是专门用来举行婚礼和加冕的帝王马车。
Schlosspark and Neptunsbrunnen 美泉宫花园和海神喷泉
On the north of the Schonbrunn Palace, there is a Schlosspark, which is so magnificent that all the visitors can be overwhelmed with admiration for it. The 2-square-kilometer garden is a typical French garden in Europe.On the gravel paved surface, there are pieces of elegant and carved flower patterns and grass lawns.The tall trees on both sides of the garden are cut into a green wall.There are 44 mythological characters of the ancient Greek in the green wall.Since 1996，the Schlosspark has already been included in UNESCO's world cultural heritage list.
At the end of the garden, there is a beautiful fountain which was built in 1780. It is called"Neptunsbrunnen".In the center of the pool, there is a group of sculptures according to the Greek Poseidon story.From Neptunsbrunnen to the east, there appears the Beauty Pool which has a great reputation butnot very eye-catching.The spring was found by Emperor Matthias in 1617 and the palace was so named.
美泉宫的北面有一座宫殿花园，所有的游客都会被这里的壮观景象所倾倒。这座两平方公里花园是欧洲典型的法式园林。在碎石子铺成的平面上，是一片片格局优雅，精雕细琢的花坛和草坪。花园两边高大的树木，被剪成一面绿墙。绿墙里是44座古希腊神话故事中的人物。1996年，美泉宫花园已经被联合国教科文组织纳入人类文化遗产名录。
在花园的尽头，是一座1780年修建的美丽的喷泉，名曰“海神喷泉”。水池的中央是一组根据希腊海神的故事塑造的雕塑。从海神喷泉向东，就来到了赫赫有名但不很起眼的“美丽泉”。这座泉水是马提阿斯一世皇帝在1617年狩猎时发现的，整个夏宫也就因此而得名。
Tierpark and Palmenhaus 动物园和热带植物温室
Compared with the eastern sights of the Schonbrunn Palace, the western facilities are even more impressive. You can visit the world's oldest tierparkzoo from Neptunsbrunnen's west side.Queen Maria Theresa and her family liked to enjoy breakfasts in the pavilion on the west side of the garden while watching the tributary odd birds and beasts from all over the world.In 1757，the first tierpark was completed.
In 1883，the populace built the largest European greenhouse next to the Tierpark. The greenhouse is 111 meters long，28 meters wide，25 meters high, which is a collection of exotic flowers and rare herbs in the tropical regions.This magnificent building with steel structure wasrefurbished in 1990s.
与美泉宫东部的景点相比，西部的设施更为可观。从海神喷泉的西侧，可以参观全世界最古老的动物园。玛丽亚·特蕾西亚女皇一家喜欢在花园西面的亭子里一面用早餐，一面和孩子们一起欣赏世界各地进贡的奇鸟异兽。1757年，第一座动物园就这样落成了。
1883年，人们又在动物园旁边建造了一座欧洲最大的温室。这座温室长111米，宽28米，高25米，把热带地区的奇花异草都珍藏进去。这座雄伟的钢结构建筑在20世纪90年代被整修一新。