Santa Maria del Fiore：A Large Part of the Renai...
19.Santa Maria del Fiore：A Large Part of the Renaissance Masterpiece 花之圣母教堂——文艺复兴杰作之大成
The Santa Maria del Fiore means the capital of flowers in Italian. It is known as one of the world's most beautiful churches, and the first landmark building of the Renaissance.It is called the primula of the Renaissance.
花之圣母教堂在意大利语中意味着花之都。花之圣母教堂被誉为世界上最美的教堂，是文艺复兴的第一个标志性建筑，被称为文艺复兴的报春花。
●The History of Renaissance Architectures 文艺复兴建筑的历史回顾
The Santa Maria del Fiore is the first great Renaissance architecture. It is actually a group of buildings, composed of the cathedral, the bell tower and the Baptistery.It is now located on the Duomo Square in Florence.
In 1295，it was built by Anrnolfo di Cambio in the base of the original Florentino cathedral. In 1296，the people were intoxicated in the victory of having regained power from the aristocracy.In order to celebrate the victory, Giovanni Medici built a new church in 1436.At last, it was completed in 1496.It was the religious center of Republic of Florence.
This is a charming church, made up of white, red and green granite veneer. It interprets Incisively and vividly the classics, elegance and freedom of the Renaissanc.So it got the name"Santa Maria".The interior of the church shows a Latin cross.It is 153 meters long，38 meters wide, and can accommodate ten thousand people.On the side of the church, there are two spectacular gates：on the north there is the Mandor slide door of the 15th century, on the south there is the Canonici door of the 14th century.The most attractive of the whole architectural complex is the central dome.The project of the central dome itself lasted 14 years.It was 106 meters high.It was designed by Brunelleschi, the famous Italy architect at that time and completed in 1434.
花之圣母教堂是文艺复兴时期第一座伟大建筑。它其实是一组建筑群，由大教堂、钟塔和洗礼堂组成，位于今天佛罗伦萨市的杜阿莫广场上。
1295年，该教堂由阿尔诺沃·迪卡姆比奥在原先的佛罗蒂诺大教堂的基址上兴建，1296年市民们正陶醉于从贵族手中夺回政权的胜利中，为了庆祝胜利，乔凡尼·美第奇出资建造新的教堂，于1436年建成，1496年才最后完工。这里曾经是佛罗伦萨共和国宗教中心。
这是一座妩媚的教堂，使用白、红、绿三色花岗岩贴面，将文艺复兴时代所推崇的古典、优雅、自由诠释得淋漓尽致，因此得名“花之圣母”。教堂内部为拉丁十字形，长153米，宽38米，可同时容纳一万人。教堂侧面有两扇十分壮观的大门：北面是15世纪的曼多尔拉门，南面是14世纪的卡诺尼奇门。整个建筑群中最引人注目的是中央穹顶，仅中央穹顶本身的工程就历时14年，完成于1434年，顶高106米，由当时意大利著名的建筑师布鲁内莱斯基设计。
●The Two Architects and the Baptistery Design Competition 两名建筑师与洗礼堂设计大赛
Filippo Brunelleschi is one of the foremost architects and engineers of the Italian Renaissance. He is perhaps most famous for his studies of linear perspective and engineering the dome of the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishments also include other architectural works, sculpture, mathematics, engineering and even ship design.His principal surviving works are to be found in Florence, Italy.
Lorenzo Ghiberti was an Italian artist of the early Renaissance best known for works in sculpture and metalworking. Ghiberti first became famous when he won the 1401 competition for the first set of bronze doors for the Baptistery of the cathedral in Florence.
In 1401，Brunelleschi entered a competition to design a new set of bronze doors for the baptistery in Florence. Seven competitors each produced a gilded bronze panel, depicting the Sacrifice of Isaac.Brunelleschi's entry, which, with that of Lorenzo Ghiberti, is one of only two to have survived, made reference to the Greco-Roman Boy with Thorn, whilst Ghiberti used a naked torso in the Classical style for his figure of Isaac.In 1403，Ghiberti was announced the victor, largely because of his superior technical skill：his panel showed a more sophisticated knowledge of bronze-casting being cast as a single piece.Brunelleschi's panel, by contrast, consisted of several pieces bolted to the back plate.Ghiberti went on to complete a second set of bronze doors for the baptistery, whose beauty Michelangelo extolled a hundred years later, saying"surely these must be the‘Gates of Paradise'".
菲利波·布鲁内莱斯基是意大利文艺复兴时期一位举足轻重的建筑师兼工程师。他最有名的成就恐怕要算他的直线透视图研究和佛罗伦萨大教堂的穹顶设计了，但他的成功作品还包括其他的建筑作品，以及雕塑，数学，工程和船舶设计。他主要的尚存作品都可以在意大利佛罗伦萨找到。
洛伦佐·吉贝尔蒂是意大利早期文艺复兴时期的艺术家，他因为雕塑与金属加工而红极一时。吉贝尔蒂是在1401年的为佛罗伦萨大教堂的洗礼堂设计第一批铜门的大赛中初次崭露头角的。
1401年，布鲁内莱斯基参加了为佛罗伦萨圣乔凡尼洗礼堂设计新的青铜大门的竞赛，七个参赛人员，每人设计一款镀金的青铜板，描述的是献祭以撒的圣经故事。结果布鲁内莱斯基晋级了，成为仅有的两名晋级选手之一，另外一位是洛伦佐·吉贝尔蒂。布鲁内莱斯基的创作中涉及了一座名为“拔刺者”的古典雕像，而吉贝尔蒂则创作了裸体的以撒形象。1403年，吉贝尔蒂凭借其高超的技术赢得了竞赛，主要原因在于他的青铜板是一整块铸造出来的，体现了他掌握了更为复杂的铸造技术。而布鲁内莱斯基的作品却是由固定在底板上的多个部件组成。吉贝尔蒂此后创作出来的青铜门在100年后得到米开朗基罗的盛赞：“真乃天堂之门也”。
●The Distinctive Architectures nearby the Cathedral 主教堂附近的特色建筑
The most famous group of architectures in Florence—the Santa Maria del Fiore, the Baptistery and the bell tower were tightly encircled in the heart of the Cathedral Square. Among them, the Baptistery and the bell tower are the most outstanding attractions near the Duomo.
佛罗伦萨最著名的一组建筑——花之圣母大教堂、洗礼堂和钟塔，被紧紧包围在大教堂广场中心。其中，洗礼堂和钟塔是花之圣母主教堂附近最杰出的景点。
Baptistry of St. John 圣约翰洗礼堂
It is one of the oldest buildings in the city, built between 1059 and 1128. The architecture is in Florentine Romanesque style.Florentine style has not been the spread of the Pisan Romanesque or Lombard, however, its influence was decisive for the subsequent development of architecture, as it formed the basis of which drew Francesco Talenti, Leon Battista Alberti, Filippo Brunelleschi and the other architects who created the Renaissance architecture.The Church of the Holy Apostles is a clear example, it announced for its spaciousness, as noticed by Giorgio Vasari, Renaissance themes.
The Baptistry is renowned for its three sets of artistically important bronze doors with relief sculptures. The south doors were done by Andrea Pisano and the north and east doors by Lorenzo Ghiberti.The east pair of doors were dubbed by Michelangelo"the Gates of Paradise".The Italian poet Dante Alighieri and many other notable Renaissance figures, including members of the Medici family, were baptized in this baptistry.In fact, until the end of the nineteenth century, all Catholic Florentines were baptized here.
圣约翰洗礼堂是佛罗伦萨市最古老的建筑，建于1059～1128年间。这座建筑属于佛罗伦萨罗马式风格。佛罗伦萨风格当时尚未蔓延到比萨的罗马或伦巴，然而，它对以后的建筑发展产生了决定性的影响，它是产生文艺复兴时期建筑师的基础，他们是弗朗西斯科·塔伦提、莱昂·巴蒂斯塔·阿尔伯蒂、菲利波·布鲁内莱斯基和其他建筑师。圣徒教堂就是一个明显的例子，它宣扬自由，那是乔尔乔·瓦萨里提出的文艺复兴时期的主题。
洗礼堂如此著名是因为它的三套重要的刻有浮雕雕塑的艺术铜门。南大门是由安德烈·皮萨诺完成的，东北大门是由洛伦佐·吉贝尔蒂完成的。东边的那对门被米开朗基罗称为“天堂之门”。意大利诗人但丁和其他许多著名的文艺复兴时期的人物，包括美第奇家族的成员，都在这个洗礼堂举行洗礼仪式。事实上，直到第19世纪末，所有佛罗伦萨天的主教洗礼都在这里举行。
Giotto's Campanile 乔托钟楼
Giotto's Campanile is a free-standing campanile that is part of the complex of buildings that make up Florence Cathedral on the Piazza del Duomo in Florence, Italy. Standing adjacent the Basilica of Santa Maria del Fiore and the Baptistry of St.John, the tower is one of the showpieces of the Florentine Gothic architecture with its design by Giotto, its rich sculptural decorations and the polychrome marble encrustations.
This slender structure stands on a square plan with a side of 14. 45 meters.It attains a height of 84.7 meters sustained by four polygonal buttresses at the corners.These four vertical lines are crossed by four horizontal lines, dividing the tower in five levels.The spectacular architecture and ingenious design have won the admiration of many art lovers.
乔托钟楼是一座独立的钟楼，也是意大利佛罗伦萨花之圣母大教堂建筑群的一部分。它于花之圣母大教堂以及圣约翰洗礼堂相毗邻。这座钟楼也是佛罗伦萨哥特式建筑的杰出代表，由雕刻家乔托设计，布满了丰富的雕刻，和多种色彩的大理石镶嵌。
这座亭亭玉立的钟楼，平面为周长14.45米的正方形，四角为高84.7米的四个多边形扶壁，四条垂直线又被四条水平线所分割，将整座建筑分割成五个层面。壮观的建筑和巧妙的设计博得了许多艺术爱好者的赞美。