Versailles：The Testimony of 100-year French Cou...

13.Versailles：The Testimony of 100-year French Court　凡尔赛宫——百年法兰西宫廷的见证

Versailles is a royal chateau in the Ile-de-France region of France. When the chateau was built, Versailles was a country village；today, however, it is a suburb of Paris, some 20 kilometres southwest of the French capital.Versailles is famous not only as a unique building, but also as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Regime.

凡尔赛宫是位于法国法兰西岛地区的皇家城堡。城堡初建时，凡尔赛还是一个村庄；如今是巴黎的一个郊区，在法国首都西南大约20公里的地方。凡尔赛宫闻名天下，不仅因为它的独特建筑，还因为它是旧的君主专制政体的象征。

●A Royal History of 105 Years of Inheritance　传承105年的宫廷历史

The earliest mention of the name of Versailles is in a document dated 1038，relating to the village of Versailles. In 1575，the seigneury of Versailles was bought by Albert de Gondi, a naturalized Florentine, who invited Louis XIII on several hunting trips in the forests surrounding Versailles.Pleased with the location, Louis ordered the construction of a hunting lodge in 1624.Eight years later, Louis obtained the seigneury of Versailles from the Gondi family and began to make enlargements to the chateau.Louis XIII's successor, Louis XIV, had it expanded into one of the largest palaces in the world.Following the Treaties of Nijmegen in 1678，he began to gradually move the court to Versailles.The court was officially established there on 6 May 1682.The court of Versailles was the centre of political power in France from 1682，when Louis XIV moved from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in October 1789 after the beginning of the French Revolution.

In the following terror of the French Revolution, Versailles was repeatedly sacked by the populace. In 1793，the remaining art works and furnitures were all shipped to the Louvre.Then Versailles was in ruins for 40 years.Until 1833，King Louis Philip of the Orleanistmonarchy ordered to repair Versailles and convert it into a museum of history.

凡尔赛宫有文字记载的历史可以追溯到1038年，那里原来是一个小村庄。1575年，一名佛罗伦萨人艾伯特·德·冈德买下了凡尔赛宫的领主权，他曾几次邀请法国国王路易十三在凡尔赛附近一起狩猎。国王路易十三很满意这个地方，于是他于1624年派人建造了一个狩猎行宫。8年后，路易从冈德家族手中得到了凡尔赛的领主权，并开始扩建这座行宫。路易十三的继承人路易十四将它建设成为世界上最大的宫殿之一。1678年的奈梅亨条约以后，他逐渐将王宫搬到了凡尔赛。凡尔赛宫于1682年5月6日正式成为法国皇宫。自从1682年，路易十四从巴黎搬进来的时候，凡尔赛宫就成为了法国的政治权力中心，直到1789年10月的法国大革命开始后，王室被迫返回首都，才结束它作为王宫的历史。

在随后的法国大革命恐怖时期中，凡尔赛宫被民众多次洗掠。1793年，宫内残余的艺术品和家具全部运往卢浮宫。此后凡尔赛宫沦为废墟达40年之久，直至1833年，奥尔良王朝的路易·菲利普国王才下令修复凡尔赛宫，将其改为历史博物馆。

●The most Famous Historical Landscape　最著名的历史景观

The Versailles is a building of classical style, and world-famous with its luxurious and imaginative architectural design. There are lots of beautiful and historical attractions here.

凡尔赛宫宫殿为古典主义风格建筑，以其奢华富丽和充满想象力的建筑设计闻名于世。历史景观美不胜收。

Apollo Hall　阿波罗厅

The Apollo Hall is also called Titan Hall, the throne hall of French kings. The layout is very luxurious and beautiful, with gold-plating and engraving bas-reliefs on the ceiling.The velvet wall is deep red, with bullion laces.The 2.6-meter-high throne in the middle is made of pure silver and it stands on the platform covered with crimson Persian carpets.Because Louis X　Ⅳtook himself to be the"Sun King"，the main halls of the Versailles are all named after the planets revolving around the sun.The French princess’suites are on the north side of the first floor, corresponding to the position of the second floor.

阿波罗厅又名太阳神厅，是法国国王的御座厅。布置极为奢华绮丽，天花板上有镀金雕花浅浮雕，墙壁为深红色金银丝镶边天鹅绒，中央为纯银铸造的御座，高2.6米，位于深红色波斯地毯的高台之上。由于路易十四自诩为“太阳王”，因此凡尔赛宫内主要的大厅均以环绕太阳的行星命名。一楼北侧为法国公主居住的套房，与二楼各大厅的位置相对应。

The War Hall and the Peace Hall　战争厅与和平厅

The War Hall is at the northwest corner of the main building, on the west of the Appollo Hall, facing the garden on the north and west sides. The decoration was completed by Mansart and Lebrun.The oil paintings are mainly of Louis X　Ⅳ’s conquest of Spain, Germany, Netherlands and other countries.The relief image of Louis X　Ⅳon the horse is above the gold-plated fireplace.

The Peace Hall is at the southwest corner of the main building. It is a square hall with the oil painting of"Louis X　ⅤCreating Peace"on the fireplace.The hall is decorated with the themes of Roman emperors, lions, national emblems of France and Kingdom of Navarre.

战争厅在主楼的西北角、阿波罗厅之西，北、西两面面向花园。厅内的装饰由孟莎和勒布伦完成，主要为反映路易十四征服西班牙、德意志、尼德兰等功绩的油画。镀金壁炉之上为路易十四的骑马浮雕像。

和平厅在主楼的西南角，为一方厅，壁炉上的油画主题为“路易十五创造和平”。厅内装饰以罗马帝王像、狮子、法国和纳瓦拉王国国徽为主题。

The Grand Trianon Palace and the Small Trianon Palace　大特里亚农宫和小特里亚农宫

The Grand Trianon Palace was built by Louis X　Ⅳfor his mistress Lady Mantenon in 1687.Only one layer, its interior decoration is relatively simple.During the period of Louis X　Ⅳ，the king sometimes got tired of the luxurious palace of Versailles, and lived here for a short time.From 1805 to 1815，Napoleon often lived here.

The Small Trianon Palace was built by Louis X　Ⅴfor his queen.As a typical style of classical architecture, the main rooms include big salons, small salons, studios, bedrooms, bathrooms and so on.The neighborhood is the Swiss Farm built by LouisⅩ　Ⅵfor Queen Marie Antoinette, with hunts, mills and sheepfolds in it.The queen often dressed up as a countryshepherdess and played here.

大特里亚农宫是1687年由路易十四为其情妇曼特侬夫人建造的宫殿，只有一层，室内装潢相比之下比较朴素。路易十四时期，国王有时厌倦豪华的凡尔赛宫，也会到这里小住。1805年至1815年，拿破仑经常居住于此。

小特里亚农宫是路易十五为其王后建造的宫殿。为典型的古典主义风格建筑，主要的房间有大沙龙、小沙龙、画室、卧室、化妆室等。附近有路易十六为玛丽·安托瓦内特王后修建的瑞士农庄，有茅屋、磨坊、羊圈，王后常化妆为乡间牧羊女在此游玩。