Oxford：The City and University as a Whole　牛津城——城...

9.Oxford：The City and University as a Whole　牛津城——城市与大学的集合体

Established in the 9th century, the city of Oxford is a cradle of the British royal family and the scholars. Because Oxford is known for its position of world class universities and monuments all over the world, and it makes Oxford a sought-after city.

9世纪建立的牛津城是英国皇族和学者的摇篮。牛津因世界一流学府的地位和遍布各地的古迹闻名，成为人们向往的城市。

●Oxford：The Legend of the Campus City Related to the Ox　牛津——与牛有关的大学城传说

Oxford is the main city in the Thames Valley, and its importance is the establishment of University of Oxford in 1167. Oxford is identified to be related to the ox.It is said that this was the fording place for the oxen in ancient times."Ford"means a ferry in which the Thames River meets Cherwell River.At that time, the river was not so deep that oxen pulling carts could ford the waters.So it got the name of Oxford.Now the two rivers are still running, but the original bridge and the traces of oxen pulling carts have disappeared long before.However, the Oxford bridge attracts more and more visitors and tourists all over the world.

There has been people living in Oxford from the 7th century. It has become one of the important key point in England since 912.Oxford has always been focused on the westbound route in London.Early in 1096，some people began to teach in the University of Oxford.Though it is an ancient college town, the commercial enterprises throughout every corner of the city, especially the high-tech enterprises, make the ancient city of Oxford rejuvenated.

牛津是泰晤士河谷地的主要城市，其重要性是1167年英国牛津大学在此成立。牛津确定与牛有关，传说它是古代牛群涉水而过的地方，“津”意为渡口，泰晤士河和柴威尔河在此汇合，当时河水不深，用牛拉车即可涉水而过，因而取名牛津。现在两条河流依然，原来的桥和牛车涉水过河的痕迹早已消失，但牛津桥却越来越多地吸引着世界各地的来访者和游客。

牛津市从公元7世纪已有人在那里居住。到公元912年，它已成为英格兰的一个要地。牛津向来是伦敦西行路线上的重点，早在1096年，就已有人在牛津讲学。尽管还是那个古老的大学城，但遍布城市各个角落的商业企业，特别是高科技企业使牛津这座古老的城市焕发了青春的活力。

●University of Oxford：800 Years of Bright History　牛津大学——八百年的璀璨历史

The University of Oxford is a university located in Oxford, United Kingdom. It is the oldest university in the English-speaking world, with the good name of"the cradle of Genius and prime ministers".Although its exact date of foundation is unclear, there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096.The University grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris.After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209，some academics fled north-east to Cambridge, where they established what became the University of Cambridge.Since then, they have a long history of rivalry with each other.

Since the 13th century, the colleges were established in succession, and the bright history of the University of Oxford started. The Christ Church College was founded in 1525，as a training coach of the Christian College.The Merton College is Oxford's oldest college（built in 1264）.The others are：the New College（in 1379），The Queens College（in 1695）and so on.Each college has its brilliant history, fabulous architectural monuments and interesting historical facts.

The University of Oxford has produced a lot of distinguished persons for the world in the past 800 or more years. In history, many famous persons ever enrolled in Oxford, including 4 British kings，46 Nobel Prize winners，25 British prime ministers，3 saints，86 archbishops and 18 cardinals.For example, Dward VIII, once the English king；Anthony Eden, thepolitician；Thatcher, the Prime Minister；Mr.Bean, the comedian；Clinton, the 42nd president of the USA；Ch'ien Chung-shu, the famous Chinese writer.

牛津大学位于英国牛津市，是英语世界中最古老的大学，有“天才与首相的摇篮”之称的美名。虽然牛津大学的确切创立日期仍不清楚，但其历史可大约追溯到1096年。1167年以来，这所大学发展迅速，原因是在亨利二世解散了在巴黎大学上学的英国学生。1209年，在牛津学生与镇民的冲突事件过后，一些牛津的学者迁离至东北方的剑桥镇，并成立剑桥大学。自此之后，两个大学彼此之间展开相当悠久的竞争岁月。

13世纪中期之后，各个学院的陆续成立，开始牛津大学的璀璨岁月。基督教会学院是1525年创建的，作为培训主教的教会学院。默顿学院是牛津最古老的学院（1264年）。其他有：新学院（1379年）、皇后学院（1695年）等。每所学院均有其辉煌的历史、神话般的建筑遗迹，以及有趣的史实。

牛津大学在过去800多年中，为全世界培育出许多杰出人士。在历史上，许多著名的人物曾就读于牛津，其中包括4位英国国王、46位诺贝尔奖获得者、25位英国首相、3位圣人、86位大主教以及18位红衣主教。例如，曾经的英国国王爱德华八世，政治家安东尼·艾登，首相撒切尔夫人，喜剧大师憨豆先生，美国第42任总统克林顿，中国著名文学家钱钟书等。

●The Cultural Landscape of the Campus City　大学城的人文景观

The campus is a city, and the city is a campus. This is a gentle hill, whose winding path leads the visitors into thetower of the St Mary's Church.Looking around, the Oxford City lies at rest in the typical British rural scenery.

校园就是城市，城市就是校园。这是一片舒缓的丘陵地，蜿蜒的小径将游客引入圣玛丽教堂的塔楼上，放眼四望，在典型的英国乡村风光中，牛津城安然而卧。

St Mary's Church　圣玛丽教堂

The St Mary's Church is main cathedral of the University of Oxford, with a history of nearly a thousand years and grand and magnificent buildings. As it is next to the Grochester Green bus station, a lot of tourists regard it as the first impression of Oxford.It is a late-gothic building, and you can enjoy the beauty of the whole Oxford by standing on its tower.The porch was built in 1637，whose spiral post is a major innovation in the British architectural history.The war of 1645 left bullet holes to the porch.

The St Mary's Church was the church shared by all the colleges in the early days, in which all the rituals, formal meetings, examinations are conducted. Later all college activities got more and more independent, and the church's role got weaker and weaker gradually.In the famous melee between the university teachers and students and the citizens in the 13th century, the king concluded that the citizens must make up the loss of the university, and bear the costs of the university for the following 500 years.Therefore, on the monk's day each year, there will be a team of Oxford citizen representatives coming to the church, and handing the compensation to the school governing fathers.Now it has become a symbolic ceremony.

圣玛丽教堂是牛津大学的主教堂，已经有近千年历史，建筑宏伟而华丽。由于就在格洛切斯特·格林汽车站旁，它也是很多游客对牛津的第一印象。这是一座后哥特式建筑，站在尖塔上可以饱览整个牛津的风光。门廊建于1637年，其螺旋立柱是英国建筑史上的一大创新。1645年的战争给门廊留下了弹痕。

圣玛丽教堂早期是各学院的共用教堂，所有的仪式、正式的会议、考试都在这里进行。后来各个学院的活动越来越独立，教堂的作用逐渐弱化。在13世纪那场著名的大学师生与市民的混战中，国王裁定市民赔偿大学的损失，负担之后500年大学的费用。所以在每年的修士节那天，都会有一队牛津市民代表来到教堂，将赔偿款交给学校的德高望重者。现在这已经成了一种颇富象征意味的仪式。

Blenheim Palace　布莱尼姆宫

Blenheim Palace is a monumental stately home situated in Woodstock, Oxfordshire, England. It is the seat of the Dukes of Marlborough.The palace, one of England's largest houses, was built between 1705 and 1724.

The palace's construction was originally intended to be a gift to John Churchill，1st Duke of Marlborough from a grateful nation in return for military triumph against the French and Bavarians at the Battle of Blenheim. However, it soon became the subject of political infighting, which led to Marlborough's exile, the fall from power of his duchess, and irreparable damage to the reputation of the architect Sir John Vanbrugh.

Designed in the rare, and short-lived, English Baroque style, architectural appreciation of the palace is as divided today as it was in the 1720s. It is unique in its combined usage as a family home, mausoleum and national monument.The palace is also notable as the birthplace and ancestral home of Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill.

布莱尼姆宫位于英国牛津的伍德斯托克，是国家园林的经典之作。这座乡间宅第属于马尔伯勒公爵，是英国规模最大的建筑之一，建造时间为1705～1722年。

此宫的建造原本是为了奖励约翰·丘吉尔公爵，他是马尔伯勒一世公爵，在布莱尼姆之战中打败了法国和巴伐利亚。然而，这很快成为一个政治斗争问题，导致了马尔伯勒一世公爵的流亡生涯，不可避免地伤害了建筑师约翰·范布勒爵士的清誉。

英国巴洛克风格的设计罕见又短暂，如今的人们对此宫的鉴赏有分歧，因为这是18世纪20年代的建筑。它用途很广泛独特，可以家用，也可以当做陵墓和纪念碑。此宫也因其是温斯顿·丘吉尔首相的出生地和祖籍而名垂青史。

Bodleian Library　博德利图书馆

The Bodleian Library, the main research library of the University of Oxford, built in 1602，is one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It is known to Oxford scholars as"Bodley"or simply"the Bod".It was ever used to be part of the scene of Hogwarts Castle in the Harry Potter films.

The Bodleian Library's history can be traced back to the 14th Century. In 1598，Mr.Bodley, the researcher of the University of Oxford, applied to the school for alterations of the school library and got the permission.Bodley supervised the rebuilding project in person, presided over the design, collected books extensively, and donated his own collection of books.After 4 years of efforts, the library opened in 1602.Soon Bodley set up a foundation by using donations to make the funds guaranteed.He also contributed the library to one of the five libraries that receive presentation copies of the publications.After the king visited it for twice in 1605 and 1610，it got the name"Bodleian Library".Today the library was managed strictly.Reading is permitted but borrowing is forbid, and even the king can not be an exception.

博德利图书馆是英国牛津大学主要的图书馆，建立于1602年，也是欧洲最古老的图书馆之一，被昵称为“博德利”或“博德”。它曾被用来拍摄《哈利·波特》系列电影中霍格沃茨魔法学校的部分场景。

博德利图书馆的历史可追溯到14世纪。1598年，牛津大学研究人员博德利先生向校方申请改建学校图书馆并得到了批准。博德利亲自监督改建工程，主持设计，广泛搜集图书，并捐赠了自己的藏书。经过4年努力，1602年图书馆开放，不久博德利利用捐赠款项设立基金会，使该馆的经费得到保证。他还多方奔走促成该馆为英国5个接受出版物缴送本的图书馆之一。1605年和1610年在英王两次参观后，被命名为博德利图书馆。如今的图书馆管理严格，只能阅览，不能外借，连国王也不能破例。

Bicester Village Shopping Center　彼斯特名牌购物村

The Bicester Village Shopping Center is a designer outlet center in Bicester in the English county of Oxfordshire. The shopping center houses approximately 130 stores, encompassing a wide range of product categories.It is for several high-end brands, including Hugo Boss, Ralph Lauren, Dolce＆Gabbana, Charles Tyrwhitt, Aquascutum, Gieves＆Hawkes, Gucci, Dior, Bally, Prada and True Religion, as well as housing a small number of restaurants and cafes.The stores generally stock end-of-line ranges at discounted prices, at up to 60%off.

It is now established as an international tourist attraction, as well as being the UK's leading designer outlet village. Bicester Village is served by two railway stations：Bicester North and Bicester Town.There is pedestrian access from Bicester Town Station to Bicester Village along a path, and a shuttle bus service from Bicester North.

彼斯特名牌购物村是牛津郡彼斯特村的一个专卖店中心。该中心建有130家门面店，涵盖范围广泛的产品类别。这里销售一些高端品牌，包括胡戈波士，拉夫劳伦，杜嘉班纳，查尔斯·蒂里特，雅格狮丹，吉凡克斯，古奇，迪奥，巴利，普拉达和真实信仰牛仔，还有少许的餐厅与咖啡馆。这些商店里储存的都是些尾货，折扣高达4折。

现在它不仅是英国首屈一指的专卖店，还是一个国际旅游景点。有两个火车站为其服务：北彼斯特车站和彼斯特镇车站。有人行道从彼斯特镇车站经过，直达彼斯特村，北彼斯特车站还有巴士在车站与村庄之间穿梭。