Cologne Cathedral：The Tallest Minaret in Europe...
22.Cologne Cathedral：The Tallest Minaret in Europe 科隆大教堂——欧洲最高尖塔
Cologne Cathedral is a Roman Catholic Church in Cologne, Germany. It is the seat of the Archbishop of Cologne and the administration of the Archdiocese of Cologne.It is a renowned monument of German Catholicism and Gothic architecture and is a World Heritage Site.
科隆大教堂是位于德国科隆的罗马天主教教堂。它是科隆大主教的主教座堂和科隆大主教之管区。这是德国天主教和哥特式建筑中的一个著名纪念碑，被列为世界文化遗产。
●The Long Architectural History 漫长的建筑历史
Construction of Cologne Cathedral commenced in 1248 but was halted in 1473，leaving it unfinished. Work recommenced in the 19th century and was completed, to the original plan, in 1880.It is 144.5 metres long，86.5 m wide and its towers are approximately 157 m tall.
Cologne's medieval builders had planned a grand structure to house the reliquary of the Three Kings and fit its role as a place of worship for the Holy Roman Emperor. Despite having been left incomplete during the medieval period, Cologne Cathedral eventually became unified as"a masterpiece of exceptional intrinsic value"and"a powerful testimony to the strength and persistence of Christian belief in medieval and modern Europe".
In 1164，the Archbishop of Cologne, Rainald of Dassel had acquired the relics of the Three Kings which had been taken from the Basilica of Sant'Eustorgio, Milan, Italy by the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick Barbarossa. The relics had great religious significance and could be counted upon to draw pilgrims from all over Christendom.It was important to church officials that they be properly housed, and thus began a building program in the new style of Gothic architecture based in particular on the French cathedral of Amiens.
The foundation stone was laid on 15 August 1248，by Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden. The eastern arm was completed under the direction of Master Gerhard, was consecrated in 1322 and sealed off by a temporary wall so it could be in use as the work proceeded.Eighty four misericords in the choir date from this building phase.In the mid 14th century work on the west front commenced underMaster Michael.This work halted in 1473，leaving the south tower complete up to the belfry level and crowned with a huge crane which was destined to remain in place, and a landmark of the Cologne skyline, for 400 years.Some work proceeded intermittently on the structure of the nave between the west front and the eastern arm, but during the 16th century this ceased.
With the 19th century romantic enthusiasm for the Middle Ages, and spurred on by the lucky discovery of the original plan for the facade, it was decided, with the commitment of the Protestant Prussian Court, to complete the cathedral. It was achieved by civic effort.Work resumed in 1842 to the original design of the surviving medieval plans and drawings, but utilising more modern construction techniques, including iron roof girders.The nave was completed and the towers were added.The bells were installed in the 1870s.The completion of Germany's largest cathedral was celebrated as a national event on 14 August 1880，632 years after construction had begun.The celebration was attended by Emperor Wilhelm I.
科隆大教堂的建造工程于1248年开始，但在1473年尚未完工时却被搁浅了。19世纪的时候又重新开始这项工程，并按照原来的计划，于1880年竣工。该教堂长144.5米，宽86.5米，其塔高约157米。
建造科隆大教堂的中世纪施工人员们早已计划好了一所宏大房舍的宏大结构，可以安放得下三王圣龛，把这里作为膜拜神圣罗马皇帝的礼拜场。尽管科隆大教堂在中世纪时期尚未竣工，但却最终成为“拥有特殊的内在价值的杰作”与“在增强和坚持中世纪和现代欧洲的基督教信仰方面是一个强有力的证明”。
1164年，科隆大主教赖纳尔德获得了三王圣龛，那是神圣罗马皇帝红胡子腓特烈一世从意大利米兰的圣欧斯托焦圣殿运回来的。此遗骸具有伟大的宗教意义，可以吸引来自全国各地的基督教朝圣者。它对教会官员很重要，因此他们必须妥善地安置它，于是，一项新的建筑工程，尤其是建立在法国亚眠主教座堂基础上的新哥特式风格建筑工程，便开始破土动工了。
教堂的奠基石由大主教康拉德·冯·霍赫斯塔顿于1248年8月15安置妥善。东侧的建筑是在格哈德大师的指导下完成的，1322年被奉为神圣不可侵犯，并被一面临时墙壁封锁住，以便在以后的工程期间可以使用。唱诗班的84把短剑就是在这个时期铸造的。14世纪中期，西侧的建筑是在迈克尔大师的督导下开工的。这项工作于1473年暂停，遗留下南塔只完成到了钟楼建成，并安装上一个巨大的吊车，这个吊车注定要留在原地，成为科隆400年来的标志性地标。在完善西侧和东侧的中殿结构方面，一直有一些断断续续的工作在进行，但在16世纪戛然而止。
19世纪的浪漫主义风气使得人们对中世纪重新感兴趣，在建筑外观原来计划的幸运发现的鼓动下，在新教普鲁士教廷的承诺下，便决定继续完成大教堂的工程。这是公众努力的结果。1842年恢复的工程，遵循了幸存的中世纪的计划和图纸的原始设计，但融入了更多的现代建筑技术，包括铁屋顶梁。中殿竣工了，还增添了塔楼。1870年还安装了大钟。德国最大的教堂在632年的漫长建筑过后，于1880年8月14日举行了盛大的落成庆典，德国皇帝威廉一世出席了这次国家级庆祝活动。
●The Precious Attractions which Embody Religious Culture 体现宗教文化的宝贵景点
The Cologne Cathedral is the largest Gothic church in Northern Europe and has the second-tallest spires and largest facade of any church in the world. The High Altar and the bells are the precious attractions which can embody religious culture.
科隆大教堂是北欧最大的哥特式教堂，拥有世界上第二高的尖塔和最大的外观规模。其中，高坛和各种大钟是体现宗教文化的宝贵景点。
The High Altar 高坛
One of the Treasures of the cathedral is the High Altar which was installed in 1322. It is constructed of black marble, with a solid slab 15 feet long forming the top.The front and sides are overlaid with white marble niches into which are set figures, with the Coronation of the Virgin at the centre.
The most celebrated work of art in the cathedral is the Shrine of the Three Kings, commissioned by Philip von Heinsberg, archbishop of Cologne from 1167 to 1191 and created by Nicholas of Verdun, began in 1190. It is traditionally believed to hold the remains of the Three Wise Men.The shrine takes the form a large reliquary in the shape of a basilican church, made of bronze and silver, gilded and ornamented with architectonic details, figurative sculpture, enamels and gemstones.The shrine was opened in 1864 and was found to contain bones and garments.
In the Sacrament Chapel is the Milan Madonna, dating from around 1290，a wooden sculpture depicting the Blessed Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus. The altar of the patron saints of Cologne with an altar piece by the International Gothic painter, Stephan Lochner is in the St.Mary's Chapel.Other works of art are to be found in the Cathedral Treasury.
科隆大教堂的一大宝藏就是于1322年建成的高坛。它由黑色大理石构造而成，顶部由一块15英尺长的坚实硬板构成。前面和侧面覆盖白色大理石壁龛，里面以圣母加冕为中心有众多的神像。
大教堂中最著名的艺术作品是《三王神殿》，是由1167～1191年间的科隆大主教菲利普·冯·海因斯贝格委托尼古拉维登于1190年开始动工的。人们传统上都认为这是为安置三位智者的遗骸而建造的。《三王神殿》是一个巨大的遗物箱，形状酷似巴西利卡式教堂，是用青铜和银构成，将形象化的雕塑，搪瓷和宝石进行镀金和装点上去的。《三王神殿》于1864年对外开放，有人发现里面装有骨头和服装。
圣礼教堂中的是米兰麦当娜神像，可以追溯到大约1290年，那是一个木制雕像，描绘的是圣母玛丽和婴儿耶稣。由国际哥特式画家史蒂芬·洛克纳创作的守护科隆圣徒的祭坛位于圣玛丽教堂之内。其他的艺术作品都可以在大教堂宝库里找到。
Bells 大钟
The cathedral has eleven church bells, four of which are medieval. The first was the 3.8-ton Bell of the Three Kings, cast in 1418，installed in 1437，and recast in 1880.
During the 19th century, as the building neared completion, there was a desire to extend the number of bells. This was facilitated by Kaiser Wilhelm I who gave French bronze cannon, captured in 1870-71，for this purpose.The 22 pieces of artillery were displayed outside the Cathedral on the 11 May 1872.Andreas Hamm in Frankenthal used them to cast a bell of over 27，000 kilos on the 19 August 1873.The tone was not harmonious and another attempt was made on the 13 November 1873.The Central Cathedral Association, which had agreed to take over the costs, did not want this bell either.Another attempt took place on the 3 October 1874.The colossal bell was shipped to Cologne and on the 13 May 1875，installed in the Cathedral.This Kaiserglocke was eventually dismantled in 1918 to support the German war effort.The 24-ton St.Petersglocke was cast in 1922 and is the largest free-swinging bell in the world.
大教堂里有11个教堂大钟，其中4个是中世纪的产物。第一个大钟是3.8吨重的“三王之钟”，1418年铸成，1437年安装，1880年重铸。
19世纪期间，当建筑工程接近完工的时候，萌发了一个增建大钟的愿望。这个愿望是由普鲁士国王威廉一世促成的，并为此捐献了一尊在1870～1871年普法战争期间俘获的法国青铜大炮。1872年5月11日，在大教堂门外展示着22架大炮。法兰肯塔尔的安德烈亚斯·哈姆于1873年8月19日用它们铸造了一座27000多公斤重的大钟。中央大教堂协会本来是准备负担这笔费用的，但是他们不想要这座大钟。于是，1874年10月3日，又一轮尝试开始了。一座巨大的钟被运往科隆，并于1875年5月13日安装在大教堂内。这座恺撒大钟最终于1918年为了支持德国战争而被拆除。还有24吨重的圣彼得大钟于1922年铸成，是世界上最大的自由摇摆钟。