Part V Reading
Passage 1
Guiding Commentary on Guanlin，the Memorial Temple to Guan Yu ( I )
Good morning，ladies and gentlemen!
We’ve just visited the one of the World Cultural Heritage，the Longmen-grottoes.Now I’d like to show you one of the ancient cultural heritages of China，the Memorial Temple to Guan Yu.It is located at 8 km south to the downtown of Luoyang，just on the half way from Longmen to the old city proper.So normally a ten-minute bus-drive is quite enough.Well，it’s always necessary and important for me to give you an introduction of general situation before visiting something.
The word “Guanlin”，given after Guan Yu，here，means not only the memorial temple but also the name for a township in the southern suburb of Luoyang.It is said to be the burial place for the head of General Guanyu of the Shu State during the Three-kingdom Period.According to the social estate system in feudal China，“LIN” here means tomb，especially for that of a saint.So Guanlin is，actually，a tomb of Guan with a memorial temple encompassed.However，the temple for Guan Yu in Luoyang is so famous that it has become one of the four greatest memorial temples to Guan Yu in China.Now let me tell you the story and you just try to find the reason why it is so famous in China.
In ancient China，there was a period of stage，called “the Three Kingdoms”.During the time of 1，700 years ago，China was divided into three kingdoms，the Wei，the Shu and the Wu，forming a situation of tripartite confrontation.The top officers of the Shu were Liu Bei，the King; Zhuge Liang，the Prime Minister，also the military councilor; Guan Yu and Zhang Fei，the generals.Zhuge Liang was a well-known great strategist in Chinese History.Many battles were won under his guidance.
Guan Yu，also called Yunchang，was born in Changping Village in Haixian County，(present Shanxi Province，)in 160 AD，just the days of war-fares provoked by warlords.As a kid，Guan was frank and upright.At the age of eighteen，he killed a local lord，for the sake of fighting against injustice.As a result he was listed as wanted.In 183 AD he met Liu Bei and Zhang Fei in Zuojun County，(present Hebei Province).And then，Liu，Guan and Zhang became sworn brothers，of whom Liu was the eldest one，while Zhang，the youngest one.The three pledged sharing weal and woe.
In China，Guan had become a chatting topic on everybody’s lips with Zhang Fei，Zhao Yun，Huang Zhong and Ma Cao，who were all well-known generals of the Shu Kingdom.However，Guan was so outstanding in the battles during the Three-kingdom Period.He was brave and adept in fighting against enemies.Many of the generals in the enemy troops who were hard to confront were conquered or beheaded by him.He was famous not only for his loyalty to the Shu Kingdom and its king Liu Bei，but also for his brotherhood.Once Cao Cao，the ruler of the Wei was besieged at a place called Huarong Pass by the Shu，but was released by Guan himself on the spot，exempted from death.His behaviors were widely appreciated by the feudal rulers.Later Guan was conferred the title of Marquis of Han-Shou-Ting by the Eastern Han ruler.
（To Be Continued）
Words:
1.city proper 城市市区部分
2.heritage n.遗产；继承物；传统
3.provoke vt.惹起，激起；激怒；驱使；煽动
4.suburb n.郊区；边缘
5.warlord n.军阀
Phrases:
1.be adept in 善于……，擅长……
2.be exempted from death 免于一死，豁免死刑
3.be listed as wanted 被列为通缉犯
4.be widely appreciated by 受到……广泛赞赏
5.Huarong Pass 华容道，华容关
6.Marquis of Han-Shou-Ting 汉寿亭侯
7.Memorial Temple to Guan Yu 关公庙
8.military councilor 军师；军事顾问；军事参赞；军事议员
9.Prime Minister 丞相，宰相，总理
10.share weal and woe 同甘共苦，同甘苦共患难；有福同享，有难同当
11.social estate system 等级制度
12.sworn brothers 结拜兄弟；拜把兄弟
13.the burial place for the head of 埋葬……首级之处
Notes:
1.During the time of 1，700 years ago，China was divided into three kingdoms，the Wei，the Shu and the Wu，forming a situation of tripartite confrontation.1700多年前，中国被分裂成魏、蜀、吴三国，形成三足鼎立之势。
2.Guan Yu，also called Yunchang，was born in Changping Village in Haixian County，(present Shanxi Province，)in 160 AD，just the days of war-fares provoked by warlords.关羽于公元160年生于现今山西省的解县长平村，正处军阀混战之际。
3.In China，Guan had become a chatting topic on everybody’s lips with Zhang Fei，Zhao Yun，Huang Zhong and Ma Cao，who were all well-known generals of the Shu Kingdom.在中国，关羽与张飞、赵云、黄忠、马超一样，其故事众口相传，不绝于耳，他们都是蜀国的大将。
4.Many of the generals in the enemy troops who were hard to confront were conquered or beheaded by him.but also for his brotherhood.许多难对付的敌军将领都被关羽打败或身首分离。
5.He was famous not only for his loyalty to the Shu Kingdom and its king Liu Bei，but also for his brotherhood.他的名气不仅仅在于他对蜀国及其君主刘备的忠诚，还在于他的兄弟情义。
Passage 2
Guiding Commentary on Guanlin，the Memorial Temple to Guan Yu （II）
In the year 219 AD，Guan was captured by the Wu in the battle，and was beheaded by Sun Quan，the king of the Wu Kingdom.Being afraid of launching a new war in revenge by Liu Bei，Sun Quan sent an emissary for presenting Guan’s head to Cao Cao，who stayed in Luoyang by then.However，Cao penetrated Sun’s trick of putting the blame on him and decided to bury Guan’s head with a body made of eaglewood in solemn state funeral at 8 km south to the town.Later，in the Song Dynasty，Guan was admitted posthumously as the Prince of Wu’an.Particularly since the publication of the historical novel，“The Romance of the Three Kingdoms ” by Luo Guanzhong in the Ming Dynasty，Guan has been the embodiment of loyalty and justice.More titles were conferred on him.In the Ming Dynasty，Guan was honored as an “emperor”，while in the Qing Dynasty，he was conferred the title of the military saint by Emperor Yongzheng being equal in status with Confucius.At last，he was titled “The Supreme Mighty Saint Emperor Guan”.Since then memorial temples had been built everywhere even in small villages in ancient China in order to commemorate Guan Yu.While the four most famous memorial temples，each with a tomb built，are seated separately in Luoyang，Henan Province，Dangyang of Hubei Province，Wanxian of Chongqing City and Yuncheng under Shanxi Province.Each tomb has its own feature or advantages with unique burial objects，namely Guan’s head buried here in Luoyang，his body remained in Dangyang，the place where he was killed，his remaining clothing kept in Wanxian，the place in which the Shu Kingdom was once seated and his so-called soul had been back to Guan’s native town，Haixian County.
The Memorial Temple to Guan Yu in Luoyang was first built in 1596 AD (the twenty-fourth year of the reign of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty)and renovated in 1791 AD (the fifty-sixth year of Qianlong in the Qing Dynasty)，occupying about 7 hectares of land area.Eight rows of main building，including the Front Gate，the Gate of Honor，the Worshiping Hall，the Great Hall，the Secondary Hall，the Third Hall，two memorial gateways and an octagonal pavilion are erected solemnly on the central axis of the temple courtyard.It presents magnificent appearance，orderly layout and large scale，with over 800 age-old pine and cypress trees around.In addition，a complex building in combined traditional Chinese style was added some a hundred meters apart before the front gate in the Year 1791.It looks like an ancient Chinese tower，which was purposely used for local opera performance during the time when magnificent worshiping and large-scaled temple fairs were held separately on January 13th，May 13th and September 13th of Chinese lunar calendar each year，hence the name “Opera Stage”.
Guan’s tomb appears with a big tombstone standing before under the octagonal pavilion when the main buildings were passed by.It is shaped in an irregular octagon，covering an area of 250 square meters.It has a doorway on the southern side with two flat holes，which exist for worshipers or visitors to prove and expect for an effective sound from Guan’s “bliss” by offering a coin through the holes.This is considered as a game during the tour to add fun.Fifteen big Chinese characters were carved on the obverse side of the tomb-tablet.It says，“Tomb for Guan，the Faithful，Just and Mighty Supreme Saint Emperor”，which were all Guan’s posthumous titles offered by rulers of different dynasties.While on the other side，introduction on Guan’s life was also engraved in the fifth year of Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty.
Among thousands upon thousands memorial temples to Guan Yu in China，the Guanlin Memorial Temple located on the central plain with pretty outer environment，is，no doubt，the most important memorial temple built for Guan Yu with the tomb of his head.It is one of the best places not only for people at home and abroad to pay a visit，but also for Chinese both domestically and overseas to go on pilgrimage to ancestors and worship Guan Yu.
Words:
1.behead vt.砍……头，砍头处决，取……的首级
2.capture vt.俘获；夺取，占领
3.cypress n.柏树；柏木属植物
4.eaglewood n.沉香木；沉香木属植物
5.emissary n.使者，特使，密使
6.erect vt.使竖立；建造，建立；安装
7.octagon n.八边形，八角形
8.tombstone n.墓碑；墓石
Phrases:
1.be admitted posthumously as (死后)被追认为
2.be equal in status with Confucius 与孔子地位相等，地位与孔子齐平
3.burial objects 葬品，埋葬之物
4.central axis 中轴线；中心轴
5.Front Gate 大门；正门；前门
6.in revenge 为报复而，作为报复
7.in solemn state funeral 以隆重的国葬之礼
8.memorial gateway 纪念性门楼（无门的）；牌坊
9.octagonal pavilion 八角亭
10.Opera Stage 舞楼，戏楼；舞台，戏台
11.put the blame on sb. 嫁祸于某人；归咎于某人
12.the embodiment of loyalty and justice 忠义的化身
13.the Gate of Honor 仪门
14.the Great Hall 大殿
15.The Supreme Mighty Saint Emperor Guan 关圣帝君
16.the Worshiping Hall 拜殿
17.“Tomb for Guan，the Faithful，Just and Mighty Supreme Saint Emperor”，“忠义神武灵佑仁勇威显关圣大帝林”
Notes:
1.In the Ming Dynasty，Guan was honored as an “emperor”，while in the Qing Dynasty，he was conferred the title of the military saint by Emperor Yongzheng being equal in status with Confucius.明代时关羽被封为“帝”，而到清代时被雍正皇帝封为武圣，其地位与孔子齐平。
2.In addition，a complex building in combined traditional Chinese style was added some a hundred meters apart before the front gate in the Year 1791.除此之外，于1791年时在距离大门100米处又增建了一座结合我国传统风格的建筑群。
3.It looks like an ancient Chinese tower，which was purposely used for local opera performance during the time when magnificent worshiping and large-scaled temple fairs were held separately on January 13th，May 13th and September 13th of Chinese lunar calendar each year，hence the name “Opera Stage”.该建筑看似中国的古塔楼，它用来每年农历正月十三、五月十三、九月十三举行大型祭拜和大型庙会时表演地方戏的，所以称作“戏楼”。
4.Guan’s tomb appears with a big tombstone standing before under the octagonal pavilion when the main buildings were passed by.当你通过主体建筑时便能看见关羽的墓，墓前有一个巨大的墓碑，笼罩在八角亭下。
5.It has a doorway on the southern side with two flat holes，which exist for worshipers or visitors to prove and expect for an effective sound from Guan’s “bliss” by offering a coin through the holes.关墓的南边又一个墓门，上面有两个不深的洞眼可供祭拜者或游人(通过)往里投币以验证和祈求关公保佑的声音。
6.Among thousands upon thousands memorial temples to Guan Yu in China，the Guanlin Memorial Temple located on the central plain with pretty outer environment，is，no doubt，the most important memorial temple built for Guan Yu with the tomb of his head.在中国成千上万的关庙中，位于中原大地、外部环境优美的关林庙，毫无疑问是为关羽所建的最重要的关庙，因为里面还有安葬首级的林墓。