海盗猖獗的根源

第六节 海盗猖獗的根源

从20世纪90年代开始,马六甲海峡海上交通日益繁忙,过往船舶排放了大量污染物,破坏了当地渔场的生态环境,环境污染日益严重。马六甲海峡附近海域是印尼和马来西亚的传统渔场,鱼类大幅减少。例如,巴拉湾(Belawan)地区的渔民,在20世纪90年代之前,每星期可以捕获200公斤左右的鱼,市值约330万印尼卢比(约300美元),扣除成本,每周可以赚取约70万卢比(约70美元)的收入;目前,每周的鱼获量仅为70公斤,市值为50万卢比(50美元),但运营成本为120万卢比(约120美元),即使能全部卖掉也还亏本。[28]

此外,印尼海域的渔场还受到非法捕鱼的困扰。虽然印尼政府颁布法令禁止外国渔船在印尼海域捕鱼,但是每年大约有3000艘泰国的拖网渔船在印尼海域非法捕捞,印尼执法部门向非法捕鱼的渔船收受贿赂,任其非法捕捞。据估计,印尼每年损失约12亿美元的渔获。[29]许多印尼渔民为生活所迫,铤而走险干起海盗行当。巴拉湾成了马六甲海峡海盗案件的重灾区,1992—2005年,巴拉湾就发生了82起海上武装抢劫。[30]

新加坡附近的印尼巴淡岛是海盗活跃的地区。20世纪90年代,印尼、新加坡和马来西亚,提出了“新加坡-柔佛-巴淡成长三角”的概念,试图将巴淡发展成为制造业基地。大批的印尼青壮劳动力从印尼各地涌入巴淡岛打工。1997年,亚洲遭遇金融危机,印尼受到严重打击,巴淡岛的大批工厂倒闭,工人失业,许多失业人员为了生计,加入了海盗行列。[31]

印尼附近海域是海盗和海上武装抢劫案件最猖獗的地区,部分原因在于印尼海盗和腐败的印尼执法人员互相勾结,海盗有恃无恐。印尼海上执法人员的薪金很低,通过各种办法从海上捞取外快,如查扣违章的外国渔船,然后索取赎金。印尼和马来西亚在马六甲海峡某些海域划界上存在分歧,印尼海上执法人员便利用职权,查扣前来捕鱼的马来西亚渔船,向船老大索要赎金。不给赎金,则没收渔船,将渔民逮捕入狱。船老大每艘渔船向印尼执法官员交纳6万马币左右的赎金,才能免受牢狱之灾。[32]

印尼执法人员还与海盗勾结,向过往的渔船收保护费。据报道,每艘渔船先要交纳约3000马币的入门费,然后每月每艘交纳300~400马币的保护费,以保证不被海盗袭击。在马六甲海峡从事捕鱼的约200多艘渔船,约有80%交纳了保护费。印尼海上执法人员对没有交保护费的船只,任其被海盗袭击。据报道,有一艘散装轮在都麦(Dumai)南部海域遭遇一股海盗袭击,海盗追逐散装船长达20分钟,情况十分紧急,船员用无线设备和信号灯向附近的印尼海军呼救,印尼海军不予理睬。[33]印尼海军有时甚至实施海盗行为。例如,2004年,一艘印尼海军巡逻艇Kal Youtefa KAL-I-502号在伊里安加雅省加雅普拉(Jayapura,Irian Jaya)拦截了一艘货轮。印尼海军巡逻艇向该船射击,命令其停下接受检查,查不出什么问题。印尼海军军官气急败坏,将船长和三副带到巡逻艇上殴打,要求船长缴付5000美元赎人。船长和海军军官讨价还价后,赎金减半,货船船长先被释回,三副则等到船长交清赎金后才得以脱身。[34]

【注释】

[1]Carolin Liss,Oceans of Crime:Maritime Piracy and Transnational Security in Southeast Asia and Bangladesh.,Singapore:Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,2011,p.67.

[2]ICC-IMB,Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships:Annual Report,1 January—31 December 2001,IMB 2002,p.41.

[3]Auisur Rahman,Have a Card and Rest Assured,Holiday,11 July 2003.http://www.weeklyholiday.net/110703/count.html.

[4]ICC-IMB,Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships:Annual Report,1 January- 31 December 2002,IMB 2003,p.20.

[5]UNHCR,The State of the World’s Refugees 2000:Fifty years of humanitarian action,(Oxford:Oxford University Press),2001,p.82.

[6]Truong Nhu Tang,A Vietcong Memoir,New York:Vintage Books,1986,304-305.

[7]Committee on Foreign Affairs,House of Representatives,Hearing before the Subcommittee on Asian and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on Foreign Affairs,House of Representatives,Ninety-seventy Congress,Second Session,April 29,1982(Washington,D.C.:US.Government Printing Office,1982),p.62.

[8]Nhat Tien,Duong Phuc and Vu Thanh Thuy,Pirates on the Gulf of Siam;Report from the Vietnamese Boat People Living in the Refugee Camp in Songkhla-Thailand,2nd Edition,San Diego,CA:Boat People S.O.S Committee,32-33.

[9]Eric Ellen,Piracy at Sea(Paris:ICC Publishing)p.282.

[10]Boulanger,Pascal,The Gulf of Thailand,in Eric Ellen(ed).Piracy at Sea(Paris:ICC Publishing),pp.83-96.

[11]Nhat Tien,Duong Phuc and Vu Thanh Thuy:Pirates on the Gulf of Siam:Report from the Vietnamese Boat People Living in the Refugee Camp in Songkhla-Thailand,2nd Edition(San Diego,CA:Boat People S.O.S Committee),p.34.

[12]Robinson,W.Courland,Terms of Refuge:The Indochinese Exodus and the International Response(London and New York:Zen Books,1998),p.61.

[13]Stefan Eklof,Pirates in Paradise:A Modern History of Southeast Asia’s Maritime Marauders,(Denmark:Nordic Institute of Asian Studies,2006),p.27.

[14]U.S.Committee for Refugees,Vietnamese Boat People:Pirates’ Vulnerable Prey(U.S.Committee for Refugees,1984),p.8.(https://www.daowen.com)

[15]Joachim Henkel,Refugees on the High Seas:A Dangerous Passage,in Eric Ellen(ed.)Piracy at Sea,Paris:ICC Publishing,p.108.

[16]Pascal Boulanger,The Gulf of Thailand,in Eric Ellen(ed.).Piracy at Sea(Paris:ICC Publishing,pp.83-96.

[17]UNHCR,The State of World’s Refugees:Fifty years of Humanitarian Action(London:Oxford University Press)p.87

[18]Eric Ellen,ed.,Piracy at Sea,(International Maritime Bureau of the ICC,Paris:ICC Publishing SA,1989),pp.241-272.

[19]Economist,South Sea Piracy:Dead Men Tell no Tales,Economist 353,No.8150(1999):87-89.

[20]ICC-IMB,Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships Annual Report,1 January-31 December,1998,19-20.

[21]ICC-IMB,Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships Annual Report:A Special Report,23-24.

[22]Edy Budiyarso,Arif Ardinansya,and Rumbadi Dalle,Hikayat Kapten Hook Di Selat Malaka,Tempo,No.4 July,2004.

[23]ICC-IMB,Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships Annual Report,(1 January-31 December 2001),p.28.

[24]David H.Capie,Small Arms Production and Transfers in Southeast Asia,Canberra Papers on Strategy and Defence,No.146.(Canberra:Australian National University Strategic and Defence Studies Centre,2002).

[25]Landry Haryo Subianto,Small Arms Problems in Southeast Asia:An Indonesian Case,in Small Is(Not)Beautiful:The Problem of Small Arms in Southeast Asia,ed.Phillps Jusario Vermonte(Jakarta:Centre for Strategic and International Studies 2004).

[26]Keith Bradsher,Threats and Responses:Seaborne Trade;Warnings from Al Qaeda Stir Fear That Terrorists May Attack Oil Tankers,New York Times,12 December 2002.

[27]IMB,Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships Annual Report(Jan 1-Dec.31 1998),IMB,p.19.

[28]Anucha Charoenpo,Illegal Thai Fishing Robbed Indonesia Off Billions of Catches and Cash(Southeast Asian Press alliance,2006 [cited 18 May 2006]),http://www.seapabkk.org/fellowships/2002/anucha.html.

[29]Ibid.

[30]IMB Annual Report 2005.

[31]Stefan Eklof,Pirates in Paradise(Copenhagen:NIAS,2006),pp.52-56.

[32]J.N.Mak,Pirates,Renegades,and Fishermen:the Politics of“Sustainable”Piracy in the Straits of Malacca in Peter Lehr edited,Violence at Sea:Piracy in the Age of Global Terrorism,(London:Routledge,2007),p.211.

[33]Jamie Schutzer,Piracy in Indonesia,[2003(cited 18 March 2005)],available from http://www.sais-jhu.edu/bwelsh/JamiePolicyPaper.pdf.

[34]Indonesian Navy in Piracy Claim(Maritime Global Net,08 April 2004 [cited 18 March 2006]),available from http://www.mgn.com/news/dailystorydetails.cfm?storyid=4047&type=2.