联合国索马里维和行动的失败

二、联合国索马里维和行动的失败

1993—1995年,联合国在索马里开展人道主义维和行动。1993年10月3日,美国维和部队在索马里首都摩加迪沙为了抓捕“索马里联合大会”法拉赫·艾迪德武装分子,与“索马里联合大会”民兵激烈交火,美军2架“黑鹰”直升机坠毁,18名美军士兵在行动中丧生,一名美军士兵被俘,另一名美军士兵的尸体被索马里民兵拖地示众,在这次冲突中,索马里民兵和平民伤亡超过1000人。美国好莱坞将这次行动拍成电影,名为“黑鹰坠落”(Black Hawk Down)。

这次失败的军事行动,使美国在国际社会大失颜面,动摇了美国在索马里维和的信心。1993年年底,美国克林顿政府下令从索马里撤军。1994—1995年,美国军队和联合国军队相继退出索马里,索马里国内的部族武装冲突进一步激化。[16]

2001年,“9·11”事件后,美国担心动乱的索马里成为恐怖分子的基地,再次关注索马里问题。2005年1月15日,索马里过渡联邦政府正式成立。然而,刚成立的“过渡联邦政府”无法有效地控制索马里政局,人民流离失所,面对饥饿、死亡的威胁,许多年轻人铤而走险,入海为贼。

【注释】

[1]International Maritime Bureau,Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships Report for the Period(1 January-30 September 2008).pp.6-9.

[2]IMB,Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships,Annual Report,2005-2011.UK:ICC International Maritime Bureau.

[3]Jeffrey Gettleman,Q.& A with a Pirate:we just want the Money The New York Times,28 September 2008.

[4]Reuters,Duai:Hijacking of Supertanker,the world has never seen anything like this,The Straits Times,November 19,Page A 4.

[5]Xan Rice,Hijacked Saudi oil tanker released after ransom dropped by parachute,9 January 2009,http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jan/09/sirius-star-released-somali-pirates-ransom

[6]Ibid.,p.29.(https://www.daowen.com)

[7]Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751(1992)concerning Somalia,Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia submitted in accordance with resolution 1811(2008),S/2008/769,p.31.

[8]Ibid.,p.55.

[9]International Maritime Bureau,Piracy Alert,December 4,2008.http://www.icc-ccs.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=75&Itemid=60

[10]Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751(1992)concerning Somalia,Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia submitted in accordance with resolution 1811(2008),S/2008/769,p.30.

[11]Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751(1992)concerning Somalia,Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia submitted in accordance with resolution 1811(2008),S/2008/769 http://www.un.org/sc/committees/751/mongroup.shtml.

[12]中国外交部,《索马里国家概况》,http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/cnn/chn/wjb/zzjg/fzs/gjlb/1640/1640/164x0/default.htm.

[13]International Maritime Bureau,Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships Report for the Period(1 January-30 September 2008).pp.6-9.

[14]IMB,Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships,Annual Report,2005-2007.UK.ICC International Martime Bureau.

[15]Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751(1992)concerning Somalia,“Report of the Monitoring Group on Somalia submitted in accordance with resolution 1811(2008),S/2008/769”,p.32.

[16]Mike Bowden,Black Hawk Down:A Story of Modern War,US:Grove Press,2001.