结语:影像的另一个现实

结语:影像的另一个现实

随着当代影像技术的发展,人类学者面对新的社会现实与影像世界。摄影、电影及当代影像艺术作品进入人类学者的视野,因此人类学观念在影像领域留下了其影响痕迹。首先,人类学思想影响了影像研究的理论结构与研究范式。欧美人类学语境中的影像研究理论出现了多种理论取向,如民族志取向、感知心理学取向、文化与人格取向、符号学取向及新艺术史取向等。其次,人类学观念影响了影像制作的技术。人类学观念对于影像制作留下了其影响痕迹,如从“观察电影”到“参与电影”再到“分享电影”流派的变化。此外,人类学观影响了影像的观念与表达方式。人类学的主位观使得民族志影像携带着一种温和的现代性,即一种消除了“物”与“词”之间冷漠关系的温和现代性。

影像是一种“另一个现实”的表征,影像丰富表征的背后隐藏着复杂的人类情感。影像是人类对于生活世界与观念世界的反映与解释,影像是世界永存的视觉历史与记忆。影像是物在人心中的回响,摄影是关于世界之中人与事的回音。

【注释】

[1]WRIGHT C.The Echo of Things:photography in the western Solomon Islands[M].Durham:Duke University Press,2013.

[2]吉尔兹.地方性知识[M].王海龙,张家瑄,译.北京:中央编译出版社,2000:338.

[3]WRIGHT C.Material and Memory:photography in the western Solomon Islands[J].Journal of Material Culture,2004,9(1):73-85.

[4]WRIGHT C.A Devil’s Engine:photography and spirits in the Western Solomon Islands[J].Visual Anthropology,2008(21):364-380.

[5]WRIGHT C.The Impossible Science of Being:dialogues between anthropology and photography[M].London:The Photographers’ Gallery,1995.

[6]WRIGHT C.Supple Bodies in Photography’s Other Histories[M].Durham:Duke University Press,2003:146-169.

[7]WRIGHT C.Beyond Text? Beyond Text? Synaesthetic and Sensory Practices in Anthropology[M].Manchester:University of Manchester Sage,2011.

[8]RICKARD J.Arts of Dispossession.In From Tierra del Fuego to the Artic:Landscape Painting in the Americas[M].New Haven:Art Gallery of Ontario and Yale University Press,2015.

[9]SACCA E J,BARAKETT J.Art,consciousness & change Jolene Rickard & Paulo Freire[J].School Arts,1999,99(1):44.

[10]LIPPARD L.Partial Recall,Essays on Photographs of Native North Americans[M].New York:New Press,1992:108-110.

[11]JESSUP L,BAGG S.On Aboriginal Representation In The Gallery[M].Quebec:Canadian Museum of Civilization,2002.

[12]FEEST C.Three Centuries of Woodlands Indian Art:A Collection of Essays[M].Altenstadt:ZKF Publishers,2007.

[13]HORTON J,BERLO J.Beyond the Mirror[J].Third Text,2013,27(1):17-28.

[14]SCHNEIDER A,WRIGHT C.Contemporary art and anthropology[M].London:Berg,2005.

[15]MORPHY H,PERKINS M.The Anthropology of Art:A Reader[M].New Jersey:Wiley-Blackwell,2006.

[16]GRIMSHAW A.The Ethnographer’s Eye:Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.

[17]GRIMSHAW A,RAVETZ A.Observational Cinema:Anthropology,Film,and the Exploration of Social Life[M].Bloomington:Indiana University Press,2009.

[18]GRIMSHAW A,RAVETZ A.Visualizing Anthropology:Experiments in Image-based Practice[M].Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2005.

[19]GRIMSHAW A.The Ethnographer’s Eye:Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001.

[20]GRIMSHAW A.The Ethnographer’s Eye:Ways of Seeing in Modern Anthropology[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2001:172.

[21]GRIMSHAW A.Conversations with Anthropological Film-Maker:Melissa Llewelyn-Davis[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1995:61 .

[22]DOUGALL D M.Transcultural Cinema[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1998:199.

[23]MARKS L.The Skin of the Film:Intercultural Cinema,Embodiment,and the Senses[M].Durham:Duke University Press Books,2000.

[24]MARKS L.Touch:Sensuous Theory and Multisensory Media[M].Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press,2002 .

[25]SOBCHACK V C.The Address of the Eye:A Phenomenology of Film Experience[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,1992.

[26]HELMREICH S.Listening against soundscapes[J].Anthropology News,2010(12):10.

[27]MACDOUGALL D.The Corporeal Image:Film,Ethnography and the Senses[M].Princeton:Princeton University Press,2006:7.

[28]GRIMSHAW A.Teaching Visual Anthropology:Notes from the Field[J].Journal of Anthropology,2001(66):237-258.

[29]GRIMSHAW A.Teaching Visual Anthropology:Notes from the Field[J].Journal of Anthropology,2001(66):237-258.

[30]MARKS L.The Skin of the Film:Intercultural Cinema,Embodiment,and the Senses[M].Durham:Duke University Press Books,2000:153.

[31]SMITH L.Photography criticism and Native American women’s identity[J].Third Text,2005(19):53-66.

[32]CUMMINGS D,MITHLO N.Visualities:Perspectives on Contemporary American Indian Film and Art[J].Great Plains Quarterly,2014,34(1):106-107.