Expanding Reading（拓展阅读）
Train Operations
Crew names
Driver:the person in front who(usually)controls the movements of the train.In US，driver is also known as the Engineer.Sometimes driver is referred as Train Operator on metro systems.Driver is also known as“motorman”on some electric railways.
Conductor:conductor initially in UK and some other places was referred to the Guard.He/She provides assistance to the passengers and driver or other trainmen.Conductor is often used for fare collection and/or ticket checking.Conductor is also used in emergency to provide train protection assistance.Some railways qualify guards/conductors for limited emergency driving.
Hogger:American nickname for driver.
Hostler:USname for a person working in an engine shed under the operating foreman.
Fireman:fireman is originally employed on steam locos to maintain steam pressure and assist the driver with the operation of the locomotive.Now fireman is retained on some railways as the driver's assistant，particularly on longer distance or freight operations.Fireman is called“second man”in the UK and“chauffeur”in France.
Second Man:see Fireman.
Trainman:anyone who works on the train as a normal occupation.
Crew Hours and Numbers
The basic working time for industry world-wide is 8 hours.A break in the middle of work will generally be at least 30 minutes.On the railway operating 18 to 24 hours a day，trainmen will have more flexible working conditions which might extend the working time to 12 hours with suitable rest breaks.Certainly，shift work is involved.Many countries have laws which limit working hours and which determine minimum rest periods.
Hours can be a lot more flexible now than that in the past，since a lot of new agreements have been worked out between staff and managers of the new commercialized railways.However，any disruption of the service can quickly disrupt the crew as well as the train positions and action must be taken to adjust crew working with the available staff.
It is necessary to keep some spare staff on duty at all times.Any level between a minimum of 10%and a maximum of 25%for special circumstances might be considered necessary.One can be amazed at the levels of spare crews allocated on some railways.