天津审判厅的尝试 ATTEMPT OF TIANJIN ADJUDICATIVE OFFICE
天津是中国最早设立地方审判、检察机构，警察和监狱的城市，是20世纪初清政府司法改革的先行试点。
Tianjin was the first city in China to set up local judicial and procuratorial organs, police and prisons, and it was the first pilot of judicial reform of the Qing government in the early 20th century.
光绪三十二年九月二十日（1906年11月6日），清政府仿行宪政，宣布参照日本的司法制度，将刑部改为法部，专掌司法；将大理寺改为大理院，为全国最高审判机关；同时附设总检察厅，为全国最高检察机关，原都察院撤销。同时，各省要分期筹设各级审判厅。不过，这将面临人才、经费、经验等诸多方面的问题，于是袁世凯建议：“惟有逐渐分析，择一二处先行试办，视情形实无窒碍，然后以次推行。”由此，清政府决定先选择一地作为试点，总结经验教训后，再向全国推广，而直隶总督所在地天津便成了不二之选。
On November 6, 1906, the Qing government imitated constitutionalism and announced that it would change the criminal department into the legal department with reference to the Japanese judicial system, specializing in justice; Dalisi was changed into Daliyuan, which was the highest judicial organ in China, and the General Prosecutor's Office was attached as the highest procuratorial organ in China.The former Duchayuan was abolished.At the same time, the provinces should set up adjudicative offices at all levels by stages.However, this will face many problems such as talents, funds, experience, etc., so Yuan Shikai suggested: “Only by gradual analysis, choose one or two places to try it out first, depending on the situation, and then implement it.” Therefore, the Qing government decided to choose one place as a pilot, sum up the experience and lessons, and then spread it to the whole country, and Tianjin, where the governor of Zhili is located, became the best choice.
早在光绪二十九年（1903），直隶总督兼北洋大臣袁世凯为试行审判改革，在天津设立发审公所（后更名谳法研究所、审判研究所），由凌福彭主持，培养审判改革人才。第二年，天津又在全国率先创立罪犯习艺所。这些都为天津作为清政府司法改革的试点奠定了基础。
As early as 1903, Yuan Shikai, Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang,set up a adjudicative office in Tianjin (later renamed as Law Research Institute and Judicial Research Institute), which was presided over by Ling Fupeng to train judicial reform talents.In the following year, Tianjin took the lead in setting up a criminal art institute in China.All these laid the foundation for Tianjin as a pilot of judicial reform of Qing government.
袁世凯在天津设立的警察局
Police station founded by Yuan Shikai in Tianjin
光绪三十二年（1906）秋，袁世凯为试办审判厅，令天津知府凌福彭拟定章程并筹办。十月，《天津府属试办审判厅章程》拟成，成为全国第一个地方性试办审判厅的法规。根据《章程》，府一级设高等审判分厅，县一级设地方审判厅，县以下按巡警所定区域设乡谳局（后根据《法院编制法》改称初级审判厅）。
天津府属试办审判厅章程
Regulation on Tianjin Pilot Adjudicative Office
In the autumn of 1906, Yuan Shikai set up a adjudicative office, and ordered Ling Fupeng, the Magistrate of Tianjin, to draw up the articles of association and organize the adjudicative office.In October, the Regulation on Tianjin Pilot Adjudicative Office was drafted, which became the first local adjudicative office law in China.According to the Regulation, there is a high adjudicative office at the government level, a local adjudicative office at the county level, and a township bureau at the level below county according to the area determined by the patrolman (later renamed the primary adjudicative office according to the Court Preparation Law).
天津府高等审判分厅称为直隶高等审判分厅，厅长由天津知府兼任，内设民事审判厅和刑事审判厅各一，审判为合议制，审理不服地方审判厅判决的民事、刑事案件。由初级审判厅起诉者，以此厅为终审。天津县地方审判厅称为天津地方审判厅，厅长由天津知县兼任。高等审判分厅和天津地方审判厅均于光绪三十三年二月十日（1907年3月23日）举行开厅典礼，正式对外办公，厅址都设在天津县衙所在地，并于同年十一月二十日（1907年12月24日）共同迁至河北李公祠东侧新址办公。
直隶高等检察厅官印
The official seal of the High Procuratorial Office of Zhili
直隶高等审判厅官印
The official seal of the High Adjudicative Office of Zhili
天津审判厅所在的天津县衙
Tianjin County Government where Tianjin Adjudicative Office is located(https://www.daowen.com)
The High Adjudicative Branch of Tianjin Government is called Zhili High Adjudicative Branch, and its director is concurrently appointed by Tianjin Magistrate.There are one civil adjudicative division and one criminal adjudicative division, and the trial is collegiate, which tries civil and criminal cases that refuse to accept the judgment of the local adjudicative office.If the prosecution is conducted by the primary adjudicative office, this office shall be the final judgment.Tianjin County Local Adjudicative Office is called Tianjin Local Adjudicative Office, and its director is concurrently appointed by Tianjin Magistrate.On March 23, 1907, the opening ceremony was held for the High Adjudicative Branch and the Tianjin Local Adjudicative Office, which were both located in the seat of Tianjin County Government.On December 24, 1907, they moved to the new office on the east side of Li Hongzhang Temple in Hebei.
此外，直隶高等审判分厅内还设有检事长（兼地方审判厅检事官），配备有书记官和司法巡警。宣统元年（1909）年末，天津高等检察分厅正式成立。地方审判厅内设有检事官，配备有书记官和司法巡警。后成立检察局，并于光绪三十三年六月十二日（1907年7月21日）改称检察厅，与同级审判厅并立。
In addition, there is also a prosecutor (who is also the prosecutor of the local adjudicative office) in the High Adjudicative Branch of Zhili, equipped with clerks and judicial patrol officers.At the end of 1909, Tianjin High Procuratorate Branch was formally established.There are prosecutors, clerks and judicial patrol officers in the local adjudicative office.After that, the procuratorial bureau was established, and it was renamed as the procuratorial office on July 21, 1907, and it stood side by side with the adjudicative office at the same level.
光绪三十三年（1907）照会试办天津地方审判厅章程
Articles of Association of Tianjin Local Adjudicative Office by Note in 1907
光绪三十三年（1907）天津高等审判分厅照会
Note of Tianjin High Adjudicative Branch in 1907
光绪三十三年（1907）天津地方审判厅照会批乡谳局
Tianjin Local Adjudicative Office approved the Township Bureau by note in 1907
审判厅创办初期，天津设有永丰屯（后为第一初级审判厅）、赵家场（后为第二初级审判厅）、咸水沽（后为第三初级审判厅）和杨柳青（后为第四初级审判厅）四个乡谳局。四局均于光绪三十三年三月初一日（1907年4月13日）开局，三月初六日（4月18日）开始放告。每座乡谳局设承审官、检事官、书记官各一名。审判为独任制，分刑事与民事。当时的承审官一般都由候补知州、知县，候补通判充任。宣统元年（1909）年末，天津县第一初级检察厅、第二初级检察厅、第三初级检察厅、第四初级检察厅相继成立，均设有检事官、典簿、录事等职。宣统三年三月（1911年4月），天津第一、第二初级审判厅合二为一，厅址位于南马路天津县衙内，位于咸水沽和杨柳青的初级审判厅未作变更。
At the beginning of the establishment of the adjudicative office, Tianjin had four township bureaus: Yongfengtun (later the first junior adjudicative office),Zhaojiachang (later the second junior adjudicative office), Xianshuigu (later the third junior adjudicative office) and Yangliuqing (later the fourth junior adjudicative office).The four bureaus started on April 13, 1907 and began to be announced on April 18.Each township bureau shall have an examining officer, a prosecutor and a clerk.The trial is independent, divided into criminal and civil.At that time, the assessors were generally appointed by alternate magistrate,magistrate and alternate judge.At the end of 1909, the first, second, third and fourth primary procuratorates in Tianjin County were established one after another,all of which were equipped with prosecutors, bookkeepers and record clerks.In April 1911, the first and second primary adjudicative offices in Tianjin were merged into one, and the address of the courtrooms was located at Tianjin County Government,South Road, while the primary adjudicative offices in Xianshuigu and Yangliuqing were unchanged.
《天津府属试办审判厅章程》共四编一百四十六条（后改为一百四十五条），按照司法行政区划，承认裁判权的相对独立，并实行审、检分立制度；在审判组织原则方面，废除了独裁制，采取合议制，同时实行回避制度。又设立了承发吏、检验吏和司法警察，改变了民事、刑事不分的旧制度。不仅为我国实行地方司法自治提供了一个新样本，而且还促进了全国审判新体系的建设。
1913 年天津地方审判厅民事判决书
Civil judgment of Tianjin Local Adjudicative Office in 1913
1916 年天津地方审判厅致天津商务总会公函
Official letter from Tianjin Local Adjudicative Office to Tianjin Chamber of Commerce in 1916
There are 146 articles (later changed to 145 articles) in the Regulation on Tianjin Pilot Adjudicative Office, according to the judicial administrative divisions, the Regulation recognized the relative independence of jurisdiction and implemented the system of separation of trial and prosecution; in the principle of trial organization, dictatorship was abolished, collegial system was adopted, and avoidance system was implemented at the same time.It also set up the officials of inheritance and inspection, set up the judicial police, and changed the old system of civil and criminal separation.It not only provided a new sample for the implementation of local judicial autonomy in China, but also promoted the construction of a new national trial system.
设立天津各级审判厅的尝试取得了极好的效果，被清廷法部确认为“前事之师”并向全国各省推广。截至宣统三年六月（1911年7月），清政府共设立高等审判分厅23所、地方审判厅62所、初级审判厅88所。各级审判厅的设立是清末司法改革的重要一环，标志着中国法院近代化的开端。
The attempt to set up adjudicative offices at all levels in Tianjin has achieved excellent results, which was recognized as a “teacher of ahead” by the Ministry of Justice of the Qing Dynasty and popularized in all provinces of China.By July 1911, the Qing government had set up 23 high adjudicative branches, 62 local adjudicative offices and 88 junior adjudicative offices.The establishment of adjudicative offices at all levels is an important part of judicial reform in the late Qing Dynasty, which marks the beginning of the modernization of Chinese courts.