律师资格考试的确立与律师事务所体制的转变
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE LAWYER QUALIFICATION EXAMINATION AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE LAW FIRM SYSTEM
律师制度恢复之初，国家还没有统一的律师资格考试，要担任律师工作，只需进行七天的师资班培训。1981年1月21日，根据中央组织部、国家人事局、国家编制委员会、财政部、司法部《关于举办法律师资班的通知》的精神，经天津市编制委员会的批准，报给法律专业师资编制15名，暂列为行政编制，由天津市司法局统一管理，待政法干部学校正式建立后，转入干部学校编制。2月，司法部在中央政法干部学校举办了为期半年的法律师资培训班，主要是为当年秋季军队转业干部司法专业培训班准备师资力量。天津的李金生、路之岐、漆长全三人参加了此次师资培训班。
At the beginning of the restoration of the lawyer system, there was no unified lawyer qualification examination system. Those who worked as lawyers had to train for seven days in a teacher class. On January 21, 1981, in accordance with the spirit of the Notice on Holding Legal Lawyers Class by the Central Organization Department, the National Personnel Bureau, the National Editorial Board, the Ministry of Finance, and the Ministry of Justice, it was approved by the Tianjin Municipal Editorial Board and submitted to the legal professional faculty establishment. Fifteen were temporarily listed as administrative staff and managed by the Municipal Bureau of Justice. After the establishment of the municipal law management system, it will be transferred to the establishment of the municipal law management school. In February, the Ministry of Justice held a half-year training course for legal lawyers at the Central Political and Law Cadre School. Mainly prepared teachers for the judicial professional training class for demobilized military cadres in the fall of that year. In Tianjin, three people, including Li Jinsheng, Lu Zhiqi, and Qi Changquan, participated in the training courses for lawyers.
1986年4月12日，司法部发布了《关于全国律师资格统一考试的通知》，决定从1986年起实行全国范围的律师资格统一考试，考试合格者由司法部授予律师资格。当年9月27日和28日两天，律师资格全国统一考试在天津司法学校举行，天津市133名考生参加。此次考试规定只有律师事务所的专职律师和允许做兼职律师的人员才能报考，还属于“内部”性考试；1988年，这项考试开始面向全社会公开、公平选拔律师，为律师职业社会化创造了条件。此后，通过律师资格考试发展壮大律师队伍的方式渐渐超过了“归队”“分配”“招聘”“特邀”，成为了主流。2002年，我国举行首届司法考试，将初任法官和初任检察官考试同律师资格考试合并，司法考试的历史进入了新纪元。
1981年10月天津市司法局授予董师凯的律师资格通知书
Notice of lawyer qualification granted to Dong Shikai by Tianjin Municipal Bureau of Justice in October 1981
1989年的律师资格证书
The lawyer’s qualification certificate in 1989
法律职业资格证书
Legal professional qualification certificate
律师（特邀）工作证
Lawyer (invited) work permit
1997年全国律师资格考试考场
The 1997 National Lawyers Qualification Examination examination room
1997年天津市部分考取律师资格人员合影
A group photo of some qualified lawyers in Tianjin in 1997
1999年天津市司法局律师资格颁证宣誓仪式
In 1999, Tianjin Municipal Bureau of Justice Lawyer Qualification Certification Oath Ceremony(https://www.daowen.com)
On April 12, 1986, the Ministry of Justice issued the Notice on the Unified National Lawyers Qualification Examination, which decided to implement a nationwide unified lawyer qualification examination from 1986. Those who pass the examination will be granted the qualifications of lawyers by the Ministry of Justice. On September 27th and 28th, a unified national examination was held at Tianjin Judicial School. 133 candidates from our city participated. This examination stipulated that only full-time lawyers in law firms and those who were allowed to work as part-time lawyers could apply for the examination. It was also an “internal” examination. By 1988, lawyers were selected openly and fairly for the whole society, opening up the possibility of professional socialization of lawyers. Since then, the way to develop and grow the lawyer team through the lawyer qualification examination has gradually surpassed the methods of “returning to the team”, “allocation”, “recruitment” and “special invitation” and has become the mainstream. By 2002, the first judicial examination of our country was held, and the examination for novice judges and prosecutors was merged with the qualification examination for lawyers, and the history of the judicial examination entered a new era.
1988年，遵照党的十三大报告关于“要改变国家包办律师事务的现状”的指示精神，全国各地逐步开展了律师体制改革工作。当年4月11日，天津市司法局下发了《关于建立“天津东方律师事务所”的通知》。《通知》指出，经局务会研究决定，并经司法部、天津市人民政府同意，决定成立天津东方律师事务所。4月19日，天津市政府又批转天津市司法局《关于我市律师体制改革的几点意见》，标志着天津以分配体制改革为重点的律师体制改革工作的开始，天津律师业从此进入了改革创新的阶段。
In 1988, in accordance with the instructions of the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China on “To change the status quo of state-run lawyers' affairs”, various localities initiated the reform of the lawyer system.On April 11, 1988, the Municipal Bureau of Justice issued the Notice on the Establishment of “Tianjin Dongfang Law Firm”. The Notice pointed out that the Tianjin Dongfang Law Firm shall be established after the study and decision of the Bureau's Executive Council and the approval of the Ministry of Justice and the Municipal People's Government. On April 19, 1988, with the approval of the Tianjin Municipal Bureau of Justice Several Opinions on the Reform of the Lawyer System in Our City by the Tianjin Municipal People's Government, our city took the lead in implementing the reform of the lawyer system focusing on the reform of the distribution system. The Tianjin law industry has entered a stage of reform and innovation.
5月23日，全国第一家合作制律师事务所——天津东方律师事务所举行开业典礼。天津市委常委、市委政法委书记鲁学政，司法部党组成员、全国律协常务副会长陈卓，司法部公律司司长丁增祺，天津市体改委、公检法、工商、税务、财政等有关部门的负责人，新华社、人民日报社等十余家媒体代表出席了这一典礼。鲁学政、陈卓亲自为天津东方律师事务所开业剪彩，市司法局局长赵儒基、副局长郑振亚分别介绍了该所的全体律师和成立情况，天津东方律师事务所主任李增产还举行了记者招待会。作为律师体制改革的试点，天津东方律师事务所首开不占国家编制，不由国家核拨经费，自收自支、自负盈亏、自我发展、自我约束的组织形式的先河。此后，国办所之外，合作所不断涌现，合作制律师事务所纷纷成立。
On May 23, Tianjin Dongfang Law Firm, the first cooperative law firm in the country, held an opening ceremony. Lu Xuezheng, Member of the Standing Committee of the Municipal Party Committee and Secretary of the Municipal Committee of Political and Legal Affairs, Chen Zhuo, Member of the Party Group of the Ministry of Justice and Executive Vice President of the National Lawyers Association, Ding Zengqi, Director of the Public Law Department of the Ministry of Justice, and persons in charge of relevant departments such as the Tianjin Municipal System Reform Commission, Public Security Bureau, Procuratorate, Court, Industry and Commerce Bureau, Taxation Bureau, Finance Bureau, etc. representatives from more than 10 news organizations including Xinhua News Agency and People's Daily attended the opening ceremony. Lu Xuezheng and Chen Zhuo cut the ribbon for the opening of the firm. Zhao Ruji, the director of the Municipal Bureau of Justice, and Zheng Zhenya, the deputy director of the Municipal Bureau of Justice, respectively introduced all the lawyers and the establishment of the firm to the guests. Li Zengchan, director of Dongfang Law Firm, held a press conference. As a pilot for the reform of the lawyer system, it is the first organization that does not account for the state's establishment, does not allow the state to approve funds, and is self-receiving, self-financing, self-development, and self-discipline. After that, in addition to the state office, cooperative law firms began to emerge, and cooperative law firms were later established.
天津市政府转呈天津市司法局《关于我市律师体制改革的几点意见》
Tianjin Municipal Government forwarded to the Tianjin Municipal Bureau of Justice Several Opinions on the Reform of the Lawyer System in Our City submitted to the Municipal Bureau of Justice
1988年第一家合作制律师事务所——天津东方律师事务所成立
The first cooperative law firm, Tianjin Dongfang Law Firm, was established in 1988
天津市第一律师事务所曾是全国最大的律师事务所，是天津律师的“摇篮”
Tianjin No. 1 Law Firm was once the largest law firm in the country and the “cradle” of Tianjin lawyers
律师事务所分所执业许可证
Practicing license of law firm branch
1988年7月26日，天津市司法局又下发了《关于贯彻执行〈天津市律师体制改革实施细则（试行）〉的通知》。《细则》包括总则、实行不同改革形式的有关原则规定等六章三十条内容，为天津的律师体制改革作出了规划。
On July 26, the Municipal Bureau of Justice issued the Notice on the Implementation of the Detailed Rules for the Reform of the Lawyer System in Tianjin (Trial). The Detailed Rules include six chapters and 30 articles including general rules and relevant principles and regulations for implementing different reform forms, which laid out a plan for the reform of Tianjin's lawyer system.
1993年司法部发布了《关于深化律师工作改革的方案》，与国际接轨的合伙制律师事务所开始出现。在司法部方案的基础上，1994年，天津市司法局出台了《关于深化律师体制改革的实施办法》，规定了各律师事务所实行效益浮动工资，效益工资一般不能超过收入的40%，这便是直到现在还在广泛采用的“提成制”。这个《办法》同时提出了“解放思想，试办突破所有制的模式，发展不占国家编制和经费的多种模式的自律性律师事务所”。这一形式突破了原有律师机构的模式，符合当时加速建立适应社会主义市场经济需要的律师机构的改革精神。此后，不占国家编制、自愿组合、自收自支、自我约束、财产所有权归发起人所有的新型律师事务所开始成立。当时天津市批准成立了四方、天允、圆通、恒信、胜达、瀚洋、金旭七家律师事务所，到1995年，达到了40余家。
In 1993, the Ministry of Justice issued the Plan on Deepening the Reform of Lawyers' Work. The partnership law firms that were in line with international standards began to appear. On the basis of the Ministry of Justice's plan, in 1994, the Tianjin Municipal Bureau of Justice issued the Implementation Measures on Deepening the Reform of the Lawyers System, and stipulated that law firms implement profitable variable wages, which generally cannot exceed 40% of their income. This is the “commission system” widely used until now. This Measures also proposes “emancipating the mind, piloting the establishment of a self-disciplined law firm that breaks through the ownership system and develops multiple models that do not account for the state's establishment and funding”. The form broke through the model of the original law firm and was in line with the reform spirit of accelerating the establishment of a law firm adapted to the needs of the socialist market economy at that time. Since then, a new type of law firm that does not account for the state's establishment, voluntary combination, self-receipt, self-discipline, and property ownership belongs to the promoters began to be established. There are seven law firms including Sifang, Tianyun, Yuantong, Hengxin, Shengda, Hanyang, and Jinxu. By 1995, there were more than 40 self-regulatory law firms.