民国初创二十年的天津律师业 TIANJIN LAWYERS IN THE FIRST TWENTY ...
咸丰十年（1860）天津开埠，在与西方政治、经济、文化的碰撞与融合中，天津开启了城市近代化的历程。清末民初，天津已发展成为中国北方首屈一指的工商业大都会，城市地位仅次于上海，对于中国政治的走向和经济的发展发挥着举足轻重的作用。与此同时，动荡的局势、复杂的社会状况、交相作用的社会力量也使天津充满了各式各样的矛盾。为解决这些矛盾、缓和社会压力，律师群体逐渐在天津兴盛起来，并不断发展壮大。因此可以说，律师的兴盛是与复杂的社会形态密不可分的。
Tianjin opened its port in 1860.In the collision and integration with western politics, economy and culture, Tianjin started the process of urban modernization.In the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, Tianjin had developed into the leading industrial and commercial metropolis in northern China, which was second only to Shanghai and played an important role in China's political trend and economic development.At the same time, the turbulent situation, complex social conditions and interactive social forces also filled Tianjin with various contradictions.In order to solve these contradictions and ease the social pressure,the lawyers group gradually flourished in Tianjin and continued to grow and develop.Therefore, it can be said that the prosperity of lawyers is inseparable from complex social forms.
此外，天津律师的崛起也离不开华洋诉讼、涉外案件的客观要求。由于在津执业的外国律师不熟悉中国的法律和程序，特别是随着领事裁判权的弱化，不论是中外纠纷还是洋行间的讼争，外国律师都要到中国法庭代理诉讼，因此他们不得不求助于中国律师，这就为中国律师的发展提供了客观条件。在天津执业的唐宝锷、侯文彪、许日升、王庭兰等人都是通晓西律及外语的律师，他们经常与外国律师合作办案，有效地促进了天津律师的成长。
In addition, the rise of Tianjin lawyers can not be separated from the objective requirements of foreign lawsuits and foreign-related cases.Because foreign lawyers practicing in Tianjin were not familiar with Chinese laws and procedures,especially with the weakening of consular jurisdiction, foreign lawyers had to act in Chinese courts, whether it was disputes between China and foreign countries or disputes between foreign firms, so they had to resort to Chinese lawyers, which provided objective conditions for the development of Chinese lawyers.Tang Baoe,Hou Wenbiao, Xu Risheng and Wang Tinglan, who practiced in Tianjin, were lawyers who were familiar with western law and foreign languages.They often cooperated with foreign lawyers in handling cases, which effectively promoted the growth of Tianjin lawyers.
虽然清末司法改革因清王朝的覆灭而终止，但其种种措施与思想理念已对中国社会产生了深刻的影响。于是，伴随着北洋政府《律师暂行章程》的出台，越来越多的国人，特别是像天津这样高度近代化的大都市的市民，逐渐开始接受律师和律师制度，越来越多有海外留学背景的高官政要、法学名家也纷纷投身律师业，为天津乃至全国律师业的发展打下了良好的基础。
Although the judicial reform in the late Qing Dynasty ended with the fall of the Qing Dynasty, its various measures and ideas had had a profound impact on Chinese society.Therefore, with the promulgation of the Provisional Regulation of Lawyers by Beiyang Government, more and more Chinese people, especially the citizens of a highly modernized metropolis like Tianjin, gradually began to accept the lawyer and lawyer system, and more and more high-ranking officials, dignitaries and famous jurists with overseas study backgrounds also joined the lawyer industry,laying a good foundation for the development of lawyer industry in Tianjin and even the whole country.
一、天津律师数量的变化
1.Changes in the Number of Lawyers in Tianjin
民国时期律师制度的演变和律师业的发展始终与社会经济的发展状况紧密相连。总体来看，律师从业者的数量呈上升趋势，而不同地域的基数又有明显差异。沿海、沿江经济较发达的大中城市始终是律师业最发达的地区，其中上海、天津、北京的发展最令人瞩目。
During the Republic of China, the evolution of lawyer system and the development of lawyer industry were always closely related to the economic development of society.On the whole, the number of lawyers was on the rise, and the bases of different regions were obviously different.Large and medium-sized cities with relatively developed economy along the coast and Changjiang River had always been the most developed areas for lawyers, among which Shanghai, Tianjin and Beijing had attracted the most attention.
民国元年的律师极少，仅为17人，第二年增加到47人，到1923年，人数才刚刚破百，达到133人。此后，律师人数增加明显，而这与国内法科院校大量法律人才的培养密不可分。
In the first year of the Republic of China, there were very few lawyers, only 17 people, but only increased to 47 in the second year, and then in 1923, the number just exceeded 100, reaching 133.Since then, the number of lawyers had increased significantly, which was inseparable from the cultivation of a large number of legal talents in domestic law colleges.
到20世纪30年代，在沿海、沿江经济较发达的大中城市，律师的数量有显著的增加。如1931年，执业律师登录在册、满100人的城市包括上海828人，天津760人，北平760人，武汉459人，苏州329人，杭州304人，广州252人，济南234人，保定214人，鄞县176人，南昌144人，镇江144人，怀宁124人，金华112人，开封109人，福州104人。反观同时期的内地城市，即使是一些大城市，其律师的数量也明显偏少，如长沙98人，重庆89人，成都79人，太原38人，西安11人，承德5人，而南宁与桂林直到1934年才分别有16人和29人。
By 1930s, the number of lawyers had increased significantly in large and medium-sized cities with relatively developed economy along the coast and river.For example, in 1931, practicing lawyers were registered, and cities with over 100 people included 828 in Shanghai, 760 in Tianjin, 760 in Beiping, 459 in Wuhan, 329 in Suzhou, 304 in Hangzhou, 252 in Guangzhou, 234 in Jinan, 214 in Baoding, 176 in Yinxian, 144 in Nanchang, 144 in Zhenjiang, 124 in Huaining, 112 in Jinhua,109 in Kaifeng and 104 in Fuzhou.On the other hand, the number of lawyers in mainland cities in the same period, even some big cities, was obviously less, such as Changsha 98 people, Chongqing 89 people, Chengdu 79 people, Taiyuan 38 people,Xi'an 11 people, Chengde 5 people, while Nanning and Guilin had 16 people and 29 people respectively until 1934.
就天津而言，1921—1937年，随着民法、刑法、商法及各类单行法规的编纂、修订，律师的从业人数激增，天津律师业的发展也进入了民国的鼎盛时期。1928年前后，天津律师进入繁荣期，当年共有律师575人，同时也设立了575处律师事务所，其中多数位于今河北区一带；1929年612人，1930年708人，1931年760人，1932年814人，1933年达到了860人，是天津在民国时期律师人数最多的一年，而此时全国共有律师7651名。尽管1934年降至518人，1935年回到609人，1936年又为537人，但仍比同时期北平律师公会的448人占有很大的优势。
As far as Tianjin was concerned, from 1921 to 1937, with the compilation and revision of civil law, criminal law, commercial law and various special laws and regulations, the number of lawyers increased sharply, and the development of Tianjin lawyers also entered the heyday of the Republic of China.Around 1928, Tianjin lawyers entered a prosperous period.In that year, there were 575 lawyers and 575 law firms were also set up, most of which were located in Hebei District today.There were 612 lawyers in 1929, 708 in 1930, 760 in 1931, 814 in 1932 and 860 in 1933, which was the year with the largest number of lawyers in Tianjin during the Republic of China.At that time, there were 7651 lawyers in China.Although it dropped to 518 in 1934, returned to 609 in 1935 and 537 in 1936, it still had a great advantage over the 448 people in Beiping Bar Association in the same period.
二、天津律师的年龄、籍贯及学历特点
2.Tianjin Lawyers' Age, Native Place and Educational Background Characteristics
民国时期，天津的律师主要以30—49岁的中青年律师为主。在1920年以前，该年龄段的人数占比为50%，此后不断上升，到1946年达到了最高的57%。不过，就该年龄段而言，40—49岁的人数比例要远远高于30—39岁，在1945年，两者甚至相差34个百分点。此外，50—59岁的律师占比基本保持在30%左右，而60岁以上的比例，最高时可达到1945年的19%，最低则仅为1935年的0.3%。总体来看，天津律师年龄最小者35岁，最大者67岁。
During the Republic of China, lawyers in Tianjin were mainly young and middleaged lawyers aged 30-49.Before 1920, the proportion of people in this age group was 50%, and then it kept rising, reaching the highest 57% in 1946.However, in this age group, the proportion of people aged 40-49 was much higher than that of people aged 30-39.In 1945, the difference between them was even 34 percentage points.In addition, the proportion of lawyers aged 50-59 remained at about 30%, while the highest proportion of lawyers aged over 60 reached 19% in 1945 and the lowest was only 0.3% in 1935.Generally speaking, the youngest lawyer in Tianjin was 35 years old and the oldest was 67 years old.
天津执业律师大部分来自今天津、北京、河北，占比高达67%，其中天津籍占三地总和的12%。京津冀以外的区域主要涉及江苏、安徽、浙江和山东等地，最远者可达福建、广东。另有德籍律师1人、俄籍6人。
Most of the practicing lawyers in Tianjin came from Tianjin, Beijing and Hebei,accounting for 67%, of which Tianjin nationality accounted for 12% of the total of the three places.The area outside the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region mainly covers Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang and Shandong provinces, with the farthest reaches reaching Fujian and Guangdong.There are also 1 German lawyer and 6 Russian lawyers.
天津律师有近10%有海外留学经历，其中留日学生约占60%，留学法国、德国、瑞士、苏联和美国的约占40%，而活跃在天津的90%的律师都毕业于国内法政专门学校或各类大学。值得注意的是，天津律师资格的取得不仅看重学历，而且看重任职经历。以朱道孔事务所为例，在47名律师中，有29名律师在执业前担任过教授、检察官、推事、司法官或政府官员。学历和任职经历并重的选拔方式，使从业者不仅有良好的专业教育背景，而且还有相当丰富的社会经验和对司法诉讼程序的体验，有助于律师工作的开展。
Nearly 10% of lawyers in Tianjin had overseas study experience, of which about 60% were students studying in Japan, and about 40% were studying in France,Germany, Switzerland, the Soviet Union and the United States, while 90% of lawyers active in Tianjin had graduated from domestic specialized schools of law and politics or various universities.It was worth noting that the qualification of Tianjin lawyers not only attached importance to academic qualifications, but also attached importance to working experience.Take Zhu Daokong Law Firm as an example,among 47 lawyers, 29 lawyers had served as professors, prosecutors, judges, or government officials before practicing.The selection method, which paid equal attention to educational background and job experience, made practitioners not only had a good professional education background, but also had rich social experience and experience in judicial proceedings, which was helpful to the development of lawyers' work.
1926 年朱道孔律师事务所代理张秀山案天津地方审判厅民事裁决书
The civil award of the Tianjin Local Adjudicative Office of Justice in the case of Zhang Xiushan represented by Zhu Daokong Law Firm in 1926
三、天津律师的类型
3.Types of Tianjin Lawyers
作为民国律师业最发达的城市之一，各类法律从业者云集天津，这里既有唐宝锷、朱道孔一类的知名大律师，也有许多为生计奔波的普通律师，展现了一幅生动的民国律师众生相。大致来说，民国时期的天津律师可以分为以下四种：
As one of the most developed cities in the Republic of China, all kinds of legal practitioners gathered in Tianjin, where there were well-known barristers such as Tang Baoe and Zhu Daokong, as well as many ordinary lawyers running for their livelihood, showing a vivid picture of lawyers in the Republic of China.Generally speaking, Tianjin lawyers in the Republic of China can be divided into the following four types:
第一种是来自政府，特别是司法界的高层，后因各种原因离职而转做律师者。其中在京津两地从事过律师职业的，包括曾任北洋政府司法总长的章士钊、董康、朱深，曾任大理院院长的余棨昌、石志泉、李怀亮，曾任外交总长的罗文干，曾任北京朝阳大学校长的江庸。他们被称作“名律师”，专办大案、要案，名望高，收费高，属于社会上流人物，在律师业中凤毛麟角。就天津而言，许多下野的军阀、政客常常聘请这类律师作私人顾问，处理内外事务。天津著名律师李洪岳、朱道孔、张士俊、张绍曾等都曾担任重要人物的法律顾问。
The first kind was from the government, especially from the top of the judiciary, who left for various reasons and turned to be a lawyer.Among them, those who had worked as lawyers in Beijing and Tianjin included Zhang Shizhao, Dong Kang and Zhu Shen, who served as the judicial chief of Beiyang Government; Yu Qichang,Shi Zhiquan and Li Huailiang, who served as the president of Daliyuan; Luo Wengan,who served as the foreign chief; and Jiang Yong, who served as the president of Beijing Chaoyang University.They were called “famous lawyers”, specializing in major cases and important cases, with high fame and high fees, belonging to the upper class of society and being rare in the lawyer industry.As far as Tianjin was concerned, many warlords and politicians who were out of office often employed such lawyers as private consultants to handle internal and external affairs.Tianjin famous lawyers Li Hongyue, Zhu Daokong, Zhang Shijun, Zhang Shaozeng, etc.all served as legal advisers to important people.
李怀亮律师受聘法律顾问的通告
Notice of lawyer Li Huailiang's appointment of legal counsel
第二种是各大学法科及法律专门学校的教师，或者在司法部门有过院长、庭长任职经历的人。他们法学知识渊博，法律功底深厚，又有丰富的司法经验和一定的社会关系与声望，方便从事律师职业。在京津地区较为著名者包括孙观坼、刘盦诒、阮性言，他们都曾在高等审判机关供职；方震甲、老遇春等人则在法科院校讲学多年，律师业务都比较活跃。
The second type was the teachers of law departments and specialized law schools in universities, or those who had worked as presidents and presidents in judicial departments.They had profound legal knowledge, profound legal foundation, rich judicial experience, certain social relations and prestige, and were convenient for lawyers.The famous people in Beijing and Tianjin included Sun Guanche, Liu Anyi and Ruan Xingyan, all of whom had served in higher judicial organs.Fang Zhenjia, Lao Yuchun and others had lectured in law colleges for many years, and their lawyers were active.
第三种是国内法科或专门学校的毕业生以及海外留学生回国后直接进入律师行业，或从其他行业普通职位转入者。这类律师的名望、交游和社会地位都无法与前两种相比，不过他们普遍具有良好的专业背景和业务能力，具备一定的社会关系，执业收入足够维持体面的生活，也构成了民国律师业的主体。
The third type was graduates from domestic law schools or specialized schools and overseas students who directly entered the lawyer industry after returning home, or transfered from ordinary positions in other industries.The reputation,friends and social status of these lawyers could not be compared with the former two, but they generally had good professional background and professional ability,had certain social relations, earned enough to maintain a decent life, and also constituted the main body of the lawyer industry in the Republic of China.
第四种是民国律师业的底层。他们常年围着法院转，不过很少出庭代理诉讼，只在法院门前租一间斗室，或在附近旅馆包个单间，门口挂上某某大律师事务所的牌子。这类律师往往被称为“三不律师”，即文理不通、口才不行、交游不广，他们实际上兼书记和勤杂于一身，终日奔忙，收入无多。同时，他们还要警惕当事人因对诉讼结果不满而对他们的人身伤害。不过，这类律师的人数并不多。
The fourth was the bottom of the lawyer industry in the Republic of China.They went around the court all the year round, but they rarely appeared in court to represent the lawsuit.They only rented a cubicle in front of the court, or packed a single room in a nearby hotel, and hung the sign of so-and-so big law firm at the door.These lawyers were often referred to as “three no lawyers”, that was, they had poor liberal arts, poor eloquence and poor friends.In fact, they were both secretaries and handymen, and they were busy all day long with little income.At the same time, they should also be alert to the personal injury caused by dissatisfaction with the outcome of litigation.However, the number of such lawyers was not large.
四、与天津相关的知名律师
4.Well-known Lawyers Related to Tianjin
曹汝霖（1877—1966），字润田，上海人。幼年入私塾，光绪二十六年（1900）赴日本留学，先后就读于早稻田专门学校和东京法学院。光绪三十一年（1905）回国，任商务司行走、商律馆编纂等职，并通过了留学生特科考试。
Cao Rulin (1877-1966), born in Shanghai.He entered private school at an early age and went to Japan to study in 1900.He studied at Waseda Special School and Tokyo Law School successively.In 1905, he returned to China, took the posts of walking in the Department of Commerce and compiling the Commercial Law Museum, and passed the special examination for foreign students.
1912年9月16日，北洋政府司法部颁布了《律师暂行章程》；9月19日，曹汝霖便请领了司法部颁发的律师证书，在家中设事务所，在北京及周边地区执业律师，并在天津日租界宫岛街（今鞍山道）置地购房。由于其证书编号为“一”，遂被称为“民国第一号律师”。
On September 16, 1912, the Ministry of Justice of Beiyang Government promulgated the Provisional Regulation of Lawyers.On September 19th, Cao Rulin received the lawyer certificate issued by the Ministry of Justice, set up an office at home,practiced as a lawyer in Beijing and its surrounding areas, and bought a house on land in Miyajima Street (now Anshan Road) of Tianjin Japanese Concession.Because its certificate number was “One”, it was called “No.1 Lawyer of the Republic of China”.
1919年年初，列强在巴黎和会上将德国在山东的权益转让给日本的消息激起了全国人民的一致反对。曹汝霖却向大总统徐世昌进言“决不可失日本之欢心，必须顺从其意”，同时公开为日本侵占青岛辩护。同年5月4日下午，北京三千余名学生在天安门前集会，高呼“外争主权，内惩国贼”“拒绝和约签字”的口号，同时要求惩办卖国贼曹汝霖、陆宗舆、章宗祥。游行学生包围并冲入了曹汝霖的住宅赵家楼，没抓到曹汝霖，而将章宗祥痛打一顿，并且放火烧了赵家楼。在广大工人、学生的爱国斗争下，北洋政府不得不于6月10日罢免了曹、陆、章三人，并拒绝在《凡尔赛和约》上签字。
曹汝霖（右二）
Cao Rulin （second from right）
At the beginning of 1919, the news that the great powers transferred Germany's rights and interests in Shandong to Japan at the Paris Peace Conference aroused the unanimous opposition of the whole nation.However, Cao Rulin still advised President Xu Shichang that “Japan must never be lost, and must obey its wishes”, and at the same time publicly defended Japan's occupation of Qingdao.On the afternoon of May 4, the same year, more than 3,000 students gathered in front of Tian'anmen Square,shouting the slogan of “fighting for sovereignty outside, punishing the country thieves inside” and “refusing to sign the peace treaty”, and demanding that the traitors Cao Rulin, Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxiang be punished.The marching students surrounded and rushed into Cao Rulin's residence, Zhaojialou.Instead of catching Cao Rulin, they beat Zhang Zongxiang up and set fire to Zhaojialou.Under the patriotic struggle of workers and students, the Beiyang Government had to recall Cao, Lu and Zhang on June 10 and refused to sign the Versailles Peace Treaty.
全面抗战爆发后，曹汝霖公开表示“要以晚节挽回前誉之失”，发誓不在日伪政权任职。虽被日本侵略者视为华北伪政权总理大臣的不二人选，但曹汝霖始终不为所动，仅有一个伪华北政务委员会咨询委员的空衔。解放战争时期，曹汝霖从北平迁居上海，新中国成立前夕又转往台北。后经香港赴日本，受到日本首相吉田茂的庇护。1957年，曹汝霖迁居美国，并于1966年8月4日客死于底特律。
After the outbreak of the All-out Anti-Japanese War, Cao Rulin publicly stated that he would “save the loss of his former reputation with the late festival” and vowed not to serve in the Japanese puppet regime.Although regarded by the Japanese invaders as the best candidate for the Prime Minister of the puppet regime in North China, Cao Rulin remained unmoved, with only one vacant title as an Advisory Member of the puppet North China Administrative Committee.During the War of Liberation,Cao Rulin moved from Beiping to Shanghai, and then moved to Taipei on the eve of the founding of the People's Republic of China.After going to Japan from Hong Kong, he was sheltered by Japanese Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida.In 1957, Cao Rulin moved to the United States and died in Detroit on August 4, 1966.
在1912年9至12月间，曹汝霖在大理院代理的诉讼案件多达28件，而在大理院当时受理的37件刑事上诉案中，有19件以曹汝霖为被告辩护人，占了总数的一半，彰显了其在民国初年律师界的重要地位。在与袁世凯的谈话中，曹汝霖也曾透露自己律师业务的月收入可达2000大洋，远高于其外交次长的官俸。
From September to December, 1912, Cao Rulin represented as many as 28 lawsuits in Daliyuan.Among the 37 criminal appeals accepted by Daliyuan at that time, Cao Rulin was the defendant's defender in 19 cases, accounting for half of the total,which showed his important position in the lawyers in the early years of the Republic of China.In the conversation with Yuan Shikai, Cao Rulin also revealed that the monthly income of his lawyer business can reach 2000 yuan, far higher than the official salary of his Foreign Minister.
作为章程发起人之首的曹汝霖
Cao Rulin， the first initiator of the articles of association
1946 年天津市财政局关于曹汝霖一处房产的投税声请书
1946 Tianjin Finance Bureau's petition for tax on a real estate in Cao Rulin
唐宝锷（1878—1953）是名震天津的大律师，族名宗鎏，字秀锋、秀丰，生于上海，祖籍广东香山县上恭都唐家村（今珠海市香洲区唐家镇），是唐绍仪的侄辈。其父唐昭航为上海唐族“买办世家”“茶叶世家”成员之一，与近代著名企业家、同乡唐廷枢在上海从事多种经营。光绪二十二年（1896），唐宝锷考取首批官派赴日留学生。光绪二十五年（1899）毕业后，任清廷驻日本长崎领事馆代理副领事，两年后调任东京公使馆馆员。因其日语十分流利，所以每逢清廷官员访日，都由唐宝锷担任翻译。与此同时，唐宝锷还在东京早稻田专门学校邦交行政科学习国际法。光绪二十九年（1903）唐宝锷进入早稻田大学政治经济部学习，两年后获学士学位，成为最早一批正式获得日本高等学校学位的中国留学生中的一员。同年回国后，唐宝锷通过了清廷留学生归国考试，赐进士出身，授翰林院检讨。此后历任北洋司法官养成学校监督（校长）、洋务局会办、陆军部一等首席参事官、川粤铁路督办等职。
《律师诉状菁华》封面
Cover of The Lawyer's Complaint Elite
《律师诉状菁华》中收录的曹汝霖的文章
Cao Rulin's articles included in The Lawyer's Complaint Elite
Tang Baoe (1878-1953) was a barrister who was famous in Tianjin.He was born in Shanghai with the family name of Zongliu, Xiufeng and Xiufeng.His ancestral home was Tangjia Village, Shanggongdu, Xiangshan County, Guangdong Province (now Tangjia Town, Xiangzhou District, Zhuhai City), and he was Tang Shaoyi's nephew.His father,Tang Zhaohang, was one of the members of the “comprador family” and “tea family” of the Tang family in Shanghai, and engaged in various businesses in Shanghai with Tang Tingshu, a famous modern entrepreneur and fellow countryman.In 1896, Tang Baoe was admitted to the first batch of official students studying in Japan.After graduating in 1899, he served as acting vice consul of the Qing Consulate in Nagasaki, Japan,and was transferred as a librarian of Tokyo Legation two years later.Because of his fluency in Japanese, Tang Baoe acted as an interpreter whenever Qing court officials visited Japan.At the same time, Tang Baoe also studied international law in the Department of Diplomatic Relations Administration of Waseda Special School in Tokyo.In 1903, Tang Baoe entered the Department of Political Science and Economics of Waseda University, and obtained a bachelor's degree two years later,becoming one of the first batch of Chinese students who officially obtained a degree from a Japanese university.After returning to China in the same year, Tang Baoe passed the exam of returning students from the Qing court, and was given a Jinshi background and a review by the Hanlin Academy.Since then, he has served as the supervisor (principal) of Beiyang Judicial Officer Training School, the Office of Foreign Affairs Bureau, the First-class Chief Counselor of the War Department,and the Supervisor of Sichuan-Guangdong Railway.
在南北议和谈判中，唐宝锷出任北方代表唐绍仪的参赞。曹汝霖在1912年9月19日请领了民国第一号律师证书之后，唐宝锷于次日获得了第三号律师证书。此后历任国会众议员、大总统顾问、直隶都督府顾问、绥远将军署高等顾问、荣旗垦务督办署秘书长、归绥警务处处长等职。1921年，唐宝锷定居天津，住在河北造币厂一带。1924年年末退出政界后，开办事务所，专门从事律师职业。
In the North-South negotiation, Tang Baoe became the counsellor of Tang Shaoyi, the representative of the North.After Cao Rulin received the No.1 Lawyer Certificate of the Republic of China on September 19, 1912, Tang Baoe received the No.3 Lawyer Certificate the next day.Since then, he had served as a Member of the House of Representatives, an Adviser to the President, an Adviser to Zhili Governor's Office, a Senior Adviser to Suiyuan General Office, the Secretary General of Rongqi Reclamation Supervision Office, and the Commissioner of Guisui Police.In 1921, Tang Baoe settled in Tianjin and lived in Hebei Mint.After retiring from politics at the end of 1924, he opened a firm and specialized in lawyers.
天津河北四经路（今四马路）事务所是唐宝锷律师生涯中存在时间最长的事务所。1939年7月，这里被日寇强占，改建为昭南橡胶工厂，抗战胜利后成为南洋橡胶厂，即后来的橡胶制品四厂、今巷肆创意产业园的所在地。此外，在天津英租界三德里、法租界葛公使路（今滨江道东段）平和里、日租界旭街19号（今百货大楼对面）、特一区（前德租界）福州路以及林森路（今新华路南段）均设有唐宝锷律师的办事处或事务所。日本著名律师大木干一既是其数十年的故交，也是他旭街事务所的主要合作者。
Tianjin and Hebei Sijing Road (now Si Road) was the longest-standing firm in Tang Baoe's lawyer career.In July, 1939, it was occupied by the Japanese aggressors and rebuilt into Zhaonan Rubber Factory.After the victory of Anti-Japanese War, it became Nanyang Rubber Factory, which was the location of the fourth rubber products factory and now Xiangsi Creative Industry Park.In addition, lawyers' offices or offices of Tang Baoe have been set up in Sande Lane, the British Concession in Tianjin, Pinghe Lane, Baron Gros Road (now the eastern section of Binjiang Road) in French Concession, No.19 Asahi Street, the Japanese Concession (now opposite to the Department Store), Fuzhou Road and Linsen Road (now the southern section of Xinhua Road) in Special Zone 1.A famous Japanese lawyer, Mikio Oki, was not only an old friend for decades, but also a major partner of his Asahi Street Office.
唐宝锷还被聘为北宁铁路局法律顾问，并作为京津律师代表，多次出席全国律师协会代表大会，担任大会执行委员、会长等职。1948年，唐宝锷停止律师业务，并于1953年在天津病逝。一生翻译《东语正规》《日本明治维新概要》《日本警察法令提要》等20余部著作。
Tang Baoe was also hired as the legal adviser of Beining Railway Bureau, and as a lawyer representative of Beijing and Tianjin, he attended the National Lawyers Association Congress for many times and served as executive member and president of the Congress.Tang Baoe stopped practicing as a lawyer in 1948 and died in Tianjin in 1953.He had translated more than 20 books such as Formal East Language, Summary of Meiji Restoration in Japan and Summary of Japanese Police Law all his life.
江庸（1878—1960），字翊云，号澹翁，福建长汀人，生于四川璧山县（今重庆市璧山区）。乃父江瀚，曾任京师大学堂总教习、文科学长、学部参事、北京大学教授、山西大学教授等职。光绪二十七年（1901），江庸官费赴日留学，初入成城学校普通科，两年后毕业，入早稻田大学师范部法制经济科学习。留学期间，结识了秋瑾、蔡锷、梁启超、蒋方震等人。光绪三十二年（1906）获法学士学位回国，历任京师法政学堂总教习、修订法律馆专任纂修、法律学堂教习、大理院详谳处推事等职。宣统元年（1909）参加归国留学生考试，以一等第四名授大理院正六品推事，兼任京师法律学堂监督。
Jiang Yong (1878-1960),named Yiyun, was also known as Danweng, Fujian Changting,born in Bishan County, Sichuan Province (now Bishan District, Chongqing).Jiang Han, his father, used to be the head teacher, senior of liberal arts, counselor of department of Jingshi University, professor of Peking University and Shanxi University.In 1901, Jiang Yong went to Japan to study abroad at an official fee.He first entered the general course of Chengcheng School.After two years, he graduated and entered the Legal Economics Department of the Normal Department of Waseda University.During his study abroad, he met Qiu Jin, Cai E, Liang Qichao,Jiang Fangzhen and others.In 1906, he returned to China with a bachelor's degree in law.He has served as the Chief Teacher of the Law and Politics School of Jingshi,the Full-time Editor of the Revised Law Museum, the Teacher of the Law School,and the Judge of the Department of Xiangyan of the Daliyuan.In 1909, he took the exam for returned students, and won the first-class fourth place to be awarded the sixth level Judge of Daliyuan, and concurrently served as the Supervisor of the Law School of Jingshi.
1946 年唐宝锷律师的登记信息
Registration information of lawyer Tang Baoe in 1946
民国成立后，江庸留任大理院推事，当年9月，兼任高等审判厅厅长。次年，熊希龄组阁，江庸任司法部次长，梁启超任总长。针对袁世凯称帝的图谋，江庸多有评议，并于1915年冬坚辞而去。直到1917年王士珍组阁，江庸才再度出山，任司法部总长。不久，江庸又因拒绝在赦免复辟要犯张镇芳的文件上副署而愤然辞职，得到了舆论的褒扬。此后，江庸又充任日本留学生总监督、法律编查馆总裁兼故宫博物院古物馆馆长以及东方文化事业总委员会委员等职。
After the founding of the Republic of China, Jiang Yong remained as the Judge of Daliyuan, and in September of that year, Jane became the Director of the High Adjudicative Office.The following year, Xiong Xiling formed a Cabinet, Jiang Yong served as Under-Secretary of Justice and Liang Qichao served as Chief.In view of Yuan Shikai's attempt to claim the title of emperor, Jiang Yong had many comments and resigned in the winter of 1915.Until 1917, when Wang Shizhen formed a cabinet,Jiang Yongcai regained his position as the Head of the Ministry of Justice.Soon,Jiang Yong refused to endorse the document on pardoning Zhang Zhenfang, who was a important offender in the restoration, and he resigned angrily.He was praised by public opinion.Since then, Jiang Yong has served as the General Supervisor of Japanese students, the President of the Law Compilation Museum, the Curator of the Antiquities Museum of the Palace Museum, and a Member of the General Committee of Oriental Culture.
1923年10月贿选总统曹锟上台后，江庸辞去所任职务，在京津两地设立律师事务所，开展律师业务。他在天津的律师事务所位于英租界敦桥道（今西安道）福顺里10号。此外，江庸还创办了周刊《法律评论》，自任社长及尚志学会会长。《法律评论》以司法改良为主要议题，同时也涉及律师问题，曾刊登司法部关于律师的各项法令及相关解释，并在“法界消息”栏目中，集中介绍各地律师公会的近期活动。从1927年10月9日第223期开始，《法律评论》增设了“律师界消息”一栏，专门报道律师新闻，从而正式将律师作为一个群体介绍给公众，意义十分重大。
After Cao Kun took office in October 1923, Jiang Yong resigned and set up law firms in Beijing and Tianjin to carry out lawyer business.His law firm in Tianjin was located at No.10 Fushun Lane, Tunbridge Road (now Xi'an Road), British Concession.In addition, Jiang Yong founded Law Review, a weekly magazine, and became the president of Shangzhi Society.The Law Review focused on judicial improvement, and also involved lawyers.It had published various decrees and related explanations of lawyers of the Ministry of Justice, and concentrated on the recent activities of local bar associations in the column of “Legal News”.Starting from the 223rd issue on October 9, 1927, the Law Review added a column of “News of Lawyers” to report the news of lawyers, thus formally introducing lawyers as a group to the public, which is of great significance.
1924年，江庸到广州士敏土厂晋谒孙中山，北返后任国立法政大学校长，三年后出任朝阳大学校长。私立朝阳大学始建于1912年，由江庸与汪有龄、黄群、蹇念益等人凭借“为天地立心，为生民立命”的情怀，集资创办而成。经过多年的努力，最终形成了“北朝阳，南东吴”“无朝（阳）不成（法）院，无朝不开庭”的格局。江庸为中国司法人才的培养作出了巨大的贡献。
In 1924, Jiang Yong went to Guangzhou Shimin Soil Factory to visit Sun Yat-sen.After returning to the north, he became the president of National University of Law and Politics, and three years later he became the president of Chaoyang University.Private Chaoyang University, founded in 1912, was founded by raising funds by Jiang Yong, Wang Youling, Huang Qun, Jian Nianyi and others with the feelings of “building a heart for the world and living for the people” .After years of hard work, the pattern of “North Chaoyang, South Dongwu”, “No court can not be established without Chaoyang,and no court session can be held without Chaoyang” had finally formed.Jiang Yong had made great contributions to the cultivation of judicial talents in China.
“七君子”和他们的辩护律师，前排居中者为江庸
“Seven Gentlemen” and their defense lawyers， front row center for Jiang Yong
九一八事变以后，江庸撰文谴责日本的侵略行径，并指名斥责其学生赵欣伯出任伪职，投敌卖国，同时声明脱离师生关系。1932年，北平大学教授侯外庐因在课堂上宣传与三民主义不相容之主义（即马克思主义），而与许德珩、马哲民等人以“危害民国”罪被捕，时称“许侯马事件”。江庸受聘出任辩护律师，帮助侯外庐等人于第二年获假释出狱。1936年，江庸出任南京国民政府法制委员会委员，并代表中国律师协会出席在奥地利维也纳召开的国际律师协会世界会议。回国后，举家迁往上海。
江庸律师受委任事
Appointment of lawyer Jiang Yong
After the September 18th Incident, Jiang Yong wrote an article condemning Japan's aggression, and reprimand Zhao Xinbo, his student, as a false post, for taking refuge in the enemy and betraying the country, and declared his separation from the teacher-student relationship.In 1932, Hou Wailu, a professor of Beiping University, was arrested with Xu Deheng, Ma Zhemin and others for “endangering the Republic of China” because he publicized the doctrine(Marxism) incompatible with the Three People's Principles in class, which was called “Xuhouma Incident”.Jiang Yong was employed as the defense lawyer, helping Hou Wailu and others to be released on parole in the following year.In 1936, Jiang Yong became a member of the Legal Committee of Nanjing National Povernment, and represented the Chinese Lawyers Association at the International Lawyers Association World Conference held in Vienna, Austria.After returning home, his family moved to Shanghai.
上海沦陷后，江庸拒绝了汉奸温宗尧及日寇畑俊六等人的诱降，并赴重庆从事律师业务。抗战胜利后，江庸回到上海，此后多次拒绝出任国民政府的各类职务。1949年1月，应代总统李宗仁之邀，江庸与颜惠庆、章士钊、邵力子赴北平试探求和，在河北省得到了毛泽东主席的接见。同年秋，毛主席亲笔致函江庸，邀他来北平参加中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议。江庸作为特邀代表，被选为全国委员。
After the fall of Shanghai, Jiang Yong refused the lure of Wen Zongyao, the traitor, and Shunroku Hata, the Japanese aggressors, and went to Chongqing to engage in lawyer business.After the victory of Anti-Japanese War, Jiang Yong returned to Shanghai, and then refused to take up various positions in the National Government many times.In January 1949, at the invitation of Acting President Li Zongren,Jiang Yong, Yan Huiqing, Zhang Shizhao and Shao Lizi went to Beiping to try to make peace, and were received by Chairman Mao Zedong in Hebei Province.In the autumn of the same year, Chairman Mao personally sent a letter to Jiang Yong inviting him to Beiping to attend the first plenary session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.Jiang Yong, as a special representative, was elected as a National Committee Member.
新中国成立后，江庸出任政务院政治法律委员会委员，上海文史馆副馆长、馆长，先后当选第一、第二届全国人民代表大会代表，政协第二届全国委员，上海市各界人民代表会议代表、市政协委员，华东军政委员会人民监察委员会委员。1960年2月9日，因病在上海去世。
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Jiang Yong became a member of the Political and Legal Committee of the State Council, deputy director and curator of the Shanghai Museum of Literature and History, and was successively elected as a representative of the first and second National People's Congress, the member of second National Committee of the CPPCC, the representative of the Shanghai People's Congress, a member of the Shanghai Political Consultative Conference,and a member of the People's Supervision Committee of the East China Military and Political Commission.On February 9, 1960, he died of illness in Shanghai.
贾文范（1880—1924），字子式，直隶南乐县近德固村（今属河南省濮阳市）人，早年毕业于直隶高等学堂。宣统元年（1909）四月，奉上谕奖给文科举人并补任中书科中书。宣统三年（1911），内阁裁撤，改任农工商部七品京官，八月升任五品主事。民国元年，政府各部改组，贾文范进入国立北洋大学学习，后于1913年12月从北洋大学法科法律学门乙班毕业，被授予法学士学位。1914年11月，任直隶法政专门学校教务主任兼教员，曾编纂《行政法》《法院编制法》等课程讲义。后出于保障人权、巩固法治的目的，贾文范开始执行律师职务，并任天津律师公会会长、直隶省议会议员兼省长公署咨议、直隶省教育会会长等职，多有建树。贾文范治家勤俭，教子有方。长子士钊毕业于法政专门学校，后任陕西警务处视察员、南乐县议会议员；次子士谔毕业于国立北洋大学，候补县长；长女幼英毕业于女子师范大学；次女幼华肄业于河北女子师范学院。(https://www.daowen.com)
Jia Wenfan (1880—1924),named Zishi, born in Jindegu Village, Nanle County,Zhili Province (now Puyang City, Henan Province), graduated from Zhili Higher School in his early years.In April 1909, he was awarded to the liberal arts Juren by the Imperial edict and supplemented the Zhongshu of Zhongshu Department.In 1911, the cabinet was abolished, and he was appointed as the official of Qipin in the Ministry of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce, and was promoted to master of Wupin in August.In the first year of the Republic of China, various government departments were reorganized, and Jia Wenfan entered the National Beiyang University to study.In December 1913, he graduated from Class B of the Law department of Beiyang University and was awarded a bachelor of law degree.In November, 1914, he served as the academic director and teacher of Zhili Law and Politics College, and compiled the lecture notes of Administrative Law, Court Preparation Law and other courses.After that, for the purpose of protecting human rights and consolidating the rule of law, Jia Wenfan began to perform his duties as a lawyer, and served as the chairman of Tianjin Bar Association, a member of Zhili Provincial Council and Consultation of the Provincial Governor's Office, the president of Zhili Provincial Education Association.Jia Wenfan was diligent in managing his family and he taught his children well.The eldest son, Shizhao, graduated from the School of Law and Politics, and later served as an inspector of Shanxi Police Force and a member of Nanle County Council; Shie, the second son graduated from the National Beiyang University and was an alternate county magistrate; Youying, the eldest daughter,graduated from Women's Normal University.The second daughter Youhua studied in Hebei Women's Teachers College.
贾文范是中国最早翻译并研究罗马法的学者。罗马法是人类法治史上的丰碑，许多法律制度、原则和精神都源自罗马法；它对包括中国在内的所有国家都产生了深远的影响。提起中国最初的罗马法研究，人们首先想到的是周枏和陈朝璧，前者被誉为“罗马法的活字典”，晚年著成《罗马法原论》，后者于1937年出版《罗马法原理》，是中国罗马法研究的不朽之作。不过，早在1913年，贾文范就翻译并研究了罗马法，成为中国罗马法研究的鼻祖。
Jia Wenfan is the earliest scholar who translated and studied Roman law in China.Roman law is a monument in the history of human rule of law, and many legal systems, principles and spirits are derived from Roman law.It has had a profound impact on all countries including China.When people mention the initial study of Roman law in China, they first think of Zhou Nan and Chen Chaobi.The former is known as the “living dictionary of Roman law”, and in his later years he wrote The Original Theory of Roman Law, while the latter published Principles of Roman Law in 1937, which is an immortal work of Chinese Roman law research.However, as early as 1913, Jia Wenfan translated and studied Roman law, and was the originator of Chinese Roman law research.
贾文范的《罗马法》不仅是一部翻译著作，而且有许多创见。它首先明确了罗马法兼具私法与公法的双重属性，其次将遗产信托理解为信托，指出了罗马法对信托制度的贡献，最后将作为主体资格的人格与作为具体权利的人格权区分开来，高度关注人格权制度的研究，而这些成果对于当代学界仍具有重要的意义。贾文范的《罗马法》问世之后引起了众多学者的关注，黄右昌1915年出版的《罗马法与现代》以及1931年陈允、应时所著的《罗马法》都在很大程度上参考了贾文范的译著。
贾文范德教碑
Morality Monument of Jia Wenfan
Roman Law by Jia Wenfan is not only a translated work, but also has many original ideas.It first clarifies that Roman law has dual attributes of private law and public law, then understands heritage trust as trust, and points out the contribution of Roman law to trust system.Finally, it distinguishes personality as subject qualification from personality right as specific right, and pays great attention to the research of personality right system, which is still of great significance to contemporary academic circles.After Jia Wenfan's Roman Law came out, it attracted the attention of many scholars.The Roman Law and Modernity published by Huang Youchang in 1915 and the Roman Law written by Chen Yun and Ying Shi in 1931 referred to Jia Wenfan's translation to a great extent.
2012年，贾文范的后人在天津大学发起设立了贾文范法学教育公益基金，旨在资助天津大学在法学研究方面有成果的师生。
In 2012, Jia Wenfan's descendants initiated the establishment of Jia Wenfan's Legal Education Public Welfare Fund in Tianjin University, aiming to support the teachers and students who have made research achievements in law in Tianjin University.
林行规（1882—1944），字斐成，浙江鄞县（今属宁波市鄞州区）人。自幼聪颖好学，光绪二十二年（1896）就读于上海南洋公学（今上海交通大学的前身），毕业后入京师译学馆（隶属于北京大学的前身京师大学堂）学习。光绪三十年（1904）公费赴伦敦大学政治经济学院学习，后获博士学位及英国大律师执照，服务于林肯思皇家律师所。
Lin Xinggui (1882-1944), named Feicheng, born in Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province (now Yinzhou District, Ningbo City).Since childhood, he was intelligent and studious.In 1896, he studied at Nanyang Public College in Shanghai (the predecessor of Shanghai Jiao Tong University), and after graduation, he studied at the Translation Institute of Jingshi University (the predecessor of Peking University).In 1904, he went to the academy of political and economy of London University to study at public expense, and later obtained his doctorate and English barrister's license, and served in Lincolns Royal Law Firm.
1912年回国后，林行规担任南京临时政府总统府法律顾问，在“民国第一案”姚荣泽案中任原告律师。北洋政府时期，先后任大理院推事、司法部民事司司长、法院编查会编查员、司法部部长、调查治外法权委员会专门委员等职务。1914年1月至1916年2月，担任北京大学法科学长。
林行规律师函
Lawyer’s letter of Lin Xinggui
王明毅律师函
Lawyer’s letter of Wang Mingyi
After returning to China in 1912, Lin Xinggui served as legal adviser to the Presidential Palace of Nanjing Provisional Government, and served as plaintiff's lawyer in Yao Rongze case, “the first case of the Republic of China”.During the period of Beiyang Government, he successively served as the Judge of Daliyuan, the Director of Civil Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice, the Editor of the Court Compilation Committee, the Minister of Justice, and the special member of the Committee for Investigating Extraterritorial Jurisdiction.From January, 1914 to February, 1916, he served as a senior in the law department of Peking University.
此后，林行规因不满当政者以权凌法而愤然辞职，在天津律师公会登录，于京津间以律师为业，事务所设在天津法租界大法国路新华大楼（今解放北路与滨江道交会处西侧）305和306室，后来成为全国著名的商务涉外律师，并担任北平律师公会会长。20世纪30年代，曾在好友胡适的邀约下，作为何瑞琼女士的律师代理其与北京大学教授梁宗岱的离婚案。林行规以保障民权为己任，常常为穷苦人无偿提供法律援助，深受民众的好评与尊重。应社会各界的邀请，林行规曾出任铁路局、开滦矿务局及多家银行、公司的法律顾问。七七事变后，林行规闭门谢客。1944年6月，因病在北平逝世。
After that, Lin Xinggui resigned angrily because he was dissatisfied with the ruling authority overpowering the law.He registered in Tianjin Bar Association and worked as a lawyer between Beijing and Tianjin.His firm was located in Room 305 and Room 306 of Xinhua Building, France Road, Tianjin French Concession (now on the west side of the intersection of Jiefang North Road and Binjiang Road).Later,he became a famous foreign-related lawyer in China and served as the president of Beiping Bar Association.In 1930s, with the invitation of his friend Hu Shi, he acted as the attorney of Ms.He Ruiqiong in Ms.He Ruiqiong's divorce case with Peking University professor Liang Zongdai.Lin Xinggui took the protection of civil rights as his duty, and often provided free legal aid to the poor, which was highly praised and respected by the people.At the invitation of different sectors of society, Lin Xinggui had served as legal adviser to the Railway Bureau, Kailuan Mining Bureau and many banks and companies.After the July 7 Incident of 1937, Lin Xinggui stopped receiving guests.In June 1944, he died of illness in Beiping.
1935 年林行规、张煜全、周衡律师书写的诉状
Complaint written by lawyers Lin Xinggui，Zhang Yuquan and Zhou Heng in 1935
孙启濂（1890—1967），字吉臣，湖北汉阳（今属武汉市）人，武昌文华大学肄业，上海圣约翰大学毕业。光绪三十三年（1907）赴美国拉克斯大学留学，毕业后获法学硕士学位。1913年回国后，在北京《东方汉英报》任采访兼校对。1916年任北京《极东新闻》主笔。一年后，受黎元洪约请，任总统府翻译、英文秘书。黎元洪下台后，孙启濂与其同往天津，任其私人秘书兼法律顾问前后十余年，同时兼任南开大学国际法教授。孙启濂在天津长期执业律师，事务所位于其英租界围墙道（今南京路）的住宅中，并与美国律师福克斯在基泰大楼里合办华洋事务所，承办中外诉讼案件。孙启濂曾担任英租界工部局、汇丰银行、太古洋行、花旗银行、天津银钱业商业公会的法律顾问。1929年，孙启濂主动代理天津东郊万辛庄农民控诉德士古石油公司强占耕地一案，并最终胜诉，受到民众的好评。
孙启濂律师
Lawyer Sun Qilian
孙启濂律师代理鸿裕公司免税补契事电文
Text of lawyer Sun Qilian for representing Hongyu Company's tax-free supplementary contract
Sun Qilian (1890-1967), named Jichen, born in Hanyang(now Wuhan), Hubei Province, studied in Wenhua University in Wuchang and graduated from St.John's University in Shanghai.In 1907, he went to Lux University to study abroad, and obtained a master's degree in law after graduation.After returning to China in 1913, he worked as an interview and proofreader for Oriental Chinese-English Newspaper in Beijing.In 1916, he was the chief editor of Jidong News in Beijing.A year later, at the invitation of Li Yuanhong, he served as translator and English secretary of the presidential palace.After Li Yuanhong stepped down, Sun Qilian went to Tianjin with him and served as his private secretary and legal adviser for more than ten years.He also served as a professor of international law at Nankai University.Sun Qilian had been a lawyer for a long time in Tianjin.His office was located in his residence in the Elgin Avenue of the British Concession (now Nanjing Road).He co-organized Huayang Office with Fox, an American lawyer, in the Jitai Building to undertake Chinese and foreign litigation cases.Sun Qilian once served as legal adviser to the British Concession Bureau, HSBC, Swire International,Citibank, and Tianjin Banking and Money Business Association.In 1929, Sun Qilian took the initiative to represent farmers in Wanxinzhuang, the eastern suburb of Tianjin, to sue Texaco Oil Company for seizing cultivated land, and finally won the case, which was well received by the people.
孙启濂律师代理鸿裕公司免税补契事律师函
Lawyer's letter of lawyer Sun Qilian for representing Hongyu Company's tax-free supplementary contract
朱道孔（1892—1969），名锡纯，号仰素，以字行，直隶大兴（今北京大兴区）人。后随父赴津开办工厂，因工厂难以为继，故考学而成为律师。朱道孔法律事务所于1914年2月在天津地方审判厅登记注册，主要承接民事、刑事诉讼案件，办公地点位于河北宙纬路27号。朱道孔曾担任天津律师公会副会长，并兼任曹锟宠妾陈寒蕊的法律顾问。1931年，罗隆基到天津《益世报》作主笔，朱道孔受邀为《益世报》副刊撰稿，并作为“法律问答组”成员为社会提供咨询服务。罗隆基很欣赏朱道孔的才干，两人交往甚密。
Zhu Daokong (1892-1969),named Xichun, was also known as Yangsu, yizixing, born in Daxing, Zhili (now Daxing District, Beijing).After that, he went to Tianjin to set up a factory with his father, and because the factory was unsustainable,he took an examination and became a lawyer.Zhu Daokong Law Firm was registered in Tianjin Local Adjudicative Office in February 1914, mainly undertook civil and criminal litigation cases, and its office is located at No.27 Zhouwei Road, Hebei.Zhu Daokong once served as the vice chairman of Tianjin Bar Association, and also served as the legal adviser of Chen Hanrui, Cao Kun's favorite concubine.In 1931,Luo Longji went to Tianjin Yishi Daily as the main writer, and Zhu Daokong was invited to write for the supplement of Yishi Daily, and as a member of the “Legal Question and Answer Group”, he provided consulting services for the society.Luo Longji appreciates Zhu Daokong's talents, and they have close contacts.
1937年7月天津沦陷后，《益世报》停刊，朱道孔也停止了律师事务，转而在天津律师公会内部组织“黑律师调查组”，揭露黑律师的行径，并于1964年撰成《解放前黑律师的形形色色》一文。抗战胜利后，朱道孔恢复了律师事务所的业务，并继续在复刊的《益世报》做法律顾问。1947年3月，朱道孔还在北平地方法院重新进行了登记注册。
朱道孔律师
Lawyer Zhu Daokong
朱道孔律师的签名及印章
Signature and seal of lawyer Zhu Daokong
After the fall of Tianjin in July 1937, Yishi Daily was discontinued, and Zhu Daokong also stopped his lawyer affairs.Instead, he organized a “black lawyer investigation team” within Tianjin Bar Association to expose the behavior of black lawyers, and in 1964 he wrote the article All Kinds of Black Lawyers before Liberation.After the victory of Anti-Japanese War, Zhu Daokong resumed his business as a law firm and continued to work as a legal consultant in the reissue of Yishi Daily.In March 1947, Zhu Daokong re-registered in Beiping District Court.
1949年3月《益世报》停办，朱道孔也终止了律师业务。后经人民政府介绍，到河北省立宁河中学（今天津市宁河区芦台一中）任教，并于1957年4月当选宁河县第一届政协副主席。1958年春，朱道孔因曾应邀赴京与罗隆基叙旧而被错划为右派，“文革”时受到冲击，于1969年不幸去世。1979年被彻底平反。
朱道孔律师函
Lawyer's letter of Zhu Daokong
天津地方法院致朱道孔律师开庭通知
Notice of Tianjin District Court to lawyer Zhu Daokong
河北天津地方法院民事调解笔录
Record of civil mediation in Tianjin District Court， Hebei Province
朱道孔律师主持断绝关系字据公证
Lawyer Zhu Daokong presided over the notarization of severance documents
In March 1949, Yishi Daily was closed, and Zhu Daokong also terminated his lawyer business.After being introduced by the People Government, he taught at Ninghe Middle School in Hebei Province (now Lutai No.1 Middle School in Ninghe District, Tianjin) and was elected as the vice chairman of the First CPPCC in Ninghe County in April 1957.In the spring of 1958, Zhu Daokong was wrongly classified as a rightist because he was invited to Beijing to catch up with Luo Longji.He was hit by the “Cultural Revolution” and died in 1969.He was completely rehabilitated in 1979.
五、在天津执业的女律师
5.Female Lawyers Practicing in Tianjin
1912年9月16日颁布的《律师暂行章程》第二条规定：“充律师者……中华民国人民满二十岁以上之男子。”这就意味着立法所确认的律师从业身份仅仅是赋予男性的权利，女性则被排除在律师这一新兴法律服务行业之外。
Article 2 of the Provisional Regulation of Lawyers promulgated on September 16, 1912 stipulates, “A lawyer...a man of the Republic of China who has reached the age of 20.” This means that the lawyer's professional status confirmed by the legislation was only conferred for the rights of men, women were excluded from the emerging legal service industry of lawyers.
1926年，第一位华人女律师在上海执业，她便是民国传奇女子郑毓秀。这一年，获得法国巴黎大学博士学位的郑毓秀回到祖国，并在上海法租界开办了魏郑联合律师事务所，以规避女性不能在中国法庭担任律师的规定。一年间，她曾在北伐军逼近上海时，将20多名被捕的国民党人引渡到法租界，也曾担任民主人士杨杏佛的辩护律师，令其成功脱险，又曾作为孟小冬的代理人，助其打赢了与梅兰芳的离婚案。郑毓秀和她的魏郑联合律师事务所由此声名大振。
In 1926, the first Chinese female lawyer to practice in Shanghai was the legendary woman Zheng Yuxiu of the Republic of China.This year, Zheng Yuxiu,who received a doctorate from the University of Paris in France, returned to her motherland and opened the Weizheng United Law Firm in the French Concession of Shanghai to circumvent the rule that women cannot be lawyers in Chinese courts.In one year, as the Northern Expedition Army approached Shanghai, she extradited more than 20 arrested Kuomintang members to the French Concession.She also served as a defense lawyer for the democrat Yang Xingfo, helped her escape danger successfully.She also served as Meng Xiaodong's agent, helped her win the divorce case with Mei Lanfang.Zheng Yuxiu and her Weizheng United Law Firm became famous.
郑毓秀于1927年出任上海审判厅厅长，从此离开律师行业。令人欣慰的是，就在这一年的7月，南京国民政府颁布了《律师章程》，规定“中华民国人民满二十一岁以上者”均可充任律师，从此废除了女性从事律师职业的限制，女律师正式登上了历史舞台。不过，就整个民国时期而言，郑毓秀这样的情况还是比较特殊的，虽然学习法律的女性不在少数，但女律师真可谓凤毛麟角。
Zheng Yuxiu became Director of the Shanghai Adjudicative Office in 1927 and left the lawyer profession.What was gratifying is that in July of this year, Nanjing National Government promulgated the Regulation of Lawyers, stipulating that “people of the Republic of China who are over 21 years old” can serve as lawyers, and since then abolished the restrictions on women's practice as lawyers, female lawyers officially stepped onto the stage of history.However, as far as the Republic of China was concerned, Zheng Yuxiu's situation was quite special.Although there were not a few women studying law, female lawyerswere really rare.
天津的律师群体同样以男性为主，直到20世纪三四十年代，才个别出现了活跃在天津律师界的女律师，其中比较著名的有吴缣、马荃、纪清漪、王秀洁、陈以庄和董端懿六人。
Tianjin's lawyers were also dominated by men.It was not until the 1930s and 1940s that there were individual female lawyers active in the Tianjin lawyers'circle.The more famous ones were Wu Jian, Ma Quan, Ji Qingyi, Wang Xiujie, Chen Yizhuang, and Dong Duanyi.
吴缣毕业于北平私立朝阳学院法科法律系，1937年7月3日加入天津律师公会，是较早在天津执业的女律师，事务所位于意租界西马路（今民族路）3号。吴缣生于1911年，祖籍江苏吴县（今苏州市），乃父吴鹏毕业于京师大学堂土木工学门，曾任国民政府铁道部技正（总工程师）。吴缣读中学时，曾任北平第一女子中学学生自治会主席。20世纪40年代初离开天津，赶赴革命圣地延安，并于1941年在陕甘宁边区政府秘书处工作。其妹吴
曾参加抗日战争、解放战争，新中国成立后担任《中国妇女》杂志社社长、联合国妇女地位委员会第一任中国代表等职。
Wu Jian graduated from the Faculty of Law of Beiping Private Chaoyang College.She joined the Tianjin Bar Association on July 3, 1937.She was an earlier female lawyer practicing in Tianjin.The firm was located at No.3, West Road (now Minzu Road) in the Italian Concession.Wu Jian was born in 1911, and her ancestral home is Wu County(now Suzhou City), Jiangsu.His father Wu Peng graduated from the Civil Engineering Department of Jingshi University.He was a technician (chief engineer)of the Ministry of Railways of the National Government.When Wu Jian was in middle school, she was the chairman of the Student Self-Government Association of Beiping No.1 Girls' Middle School.In the early 1940s, she left Tianjin and rushed to Yan'an, the sacred place of revolution.In 1941, she worked in the Secretariat of the Shanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region Government.Her sister Wu Qian participated in Anti-Japanese War and the War of Liberation.After the founding of the People's Republic of China, she served as the president of the Chinese Women magazine and the first Chinese representative of the UN Commission on the Status of Women.
马荃，直隶河间（今河北省河间市）人，1933年毕业于北平私立朝阳学院法科法律系，次年加入北平律师公会，并与同为朝阳学院毕业的女律师丁聪、李德义合伙开办联合律师事务所，为女同胞伸冤辩护。1936年南京国民政府选举国民大会代表期间，马荃以北平市妇女会会长的身份主持全国妇女国民大会代表竞选委员会北平市分会的工作，呼吁女律师作为身兼职业团体与妇女团体的一分子，应积极参加竞选。1937年，马荃当选北平律师公会评议员。1946年，北平律师公会改组，在重新登录的252名会员中，马荃不仅是唯一的女性，而且当选了公会监事。同年9月21日，马荃来到天津执业，并加入了天津律师公会，其事务所位于第十区营口道四宜里18号。同时，马荃还担任了天津《妇女之友》杂志的法律顾问和南开大学女生训导员。
Ma Quan, born in Hejian, Zhili (now Hejian City, Hebei Province), graduated from the Faculty of Law of Beiping Private Chaoyang College in 1933.She joined the Beiping Bar Association the following year and worked with female lawyers Ding Cong,Li Deyi who graduated from Chaoyang College opened a joint law firm in partnership to defend female compatriots.During the election of representatives to the National Assembly by the Nanjing National Government in 1936, Ma Quan presided over the work of the Beiping Branch of the National Women's National Assembly Representative Election Committee as the president of the Beiping Women's Association.She called on female lawyers should actively participate in the electionto as the part of both professional and women's groups.In 1937, Ma Quan was elected as a member of the Beiping Bar Association.In 1946, the Beiping Bar Association was reorganized.Among the 252 members who re-registered, Ma Quan was not only the only woman, but was also elected as a supervisor of the Association.On September 21 of the same year, Ma Quan came to Tianjin to practice and joined the Tianjin Bar Association.Her office was located at No.18 Siyi Lane, Yingkou Road, Tenth District.At the same time, Ma Quan also served as the legal counsel of Tianjin Friends of Women magazine and the female trainer of Nankai University.
吴缣天津律师公会会员证书
Tianjin Bar Association membership certificate of Wu Jian
吴缣律师证书
Lawyer certificate of Wu Jian
活跃于20世纪三四十年代平津地区的纪清漪是一位爱国、勇敢、充满传奇色彩的女律师。纪清漪是清代著名学者纪昀的嫡系六世孙，出生于直隶献县（今河北省献县），在黑龙江绥化长大。她从小就耳闻目睹了日俄帝国主义对中国东北的侵略，并在心灵深处形成了强烈的爱国主义思想。
Ji Qingyi, who was active in the Pingjin area in the 1930s and 1940s, was a patriotic, brave and legendary female lawyer.Ji Qingyi was the sixth-generation grandson of Ji Yun, a famous scholar in the Qing Dynasty.She was born in Xian County, Zhili Province (now Xian County, Hebei Province), and grew up in Suihua,Heilongjiang.She had heard and witnessed the Japanese-Russian imperialist invasion of Northeast China since she was a child, and formed a strong patriotism in her heart.
1925年，纪清漪考入北京大学政治系，接触到很多进步老师与同学，同时她还参加了东北学生在齐齐哈尔组织的新东北学会。1928年暑假，纪清漪回到齐齐哈尔，参加了新东北学会发起的呼吁东北和平易帜的运动。
In 1925, Ji Qingyi was admitted to the Politics Department of Peking University and met many progressive teachers and classmates.At the same time,she also participated in the New Northeast Society organized by Northeast students in Qiqihar.In the summer of 1928, Ji Qingyi returned to Qiqihar to participate in a campaign initiated by the New Northeast Society to call for peace in the Northeast.
在校期间，纪清漪还负责新东北学会主办的《东北半月刊》的编辑工作。这本刊物是北平《华北日报》的副刊，旨在揭露日本帝国主义侵略东北的阴谋，同时抨击南京国民政府对日妥协的外交政策。1929年，在一个偶然的机会，纪清漪从总编安怀音处得到了臭名昭著的“田中奏章”，随后果断地连夜抄写多份，并在和平门里新华印刷厂印了5000份，寄给全国各机关、团体、图书馆、学校，甚至大商店。同时，纪清漪还在扉页上写了这样几句话：“读者啊，如果你的心还在跳，如果你的血还在流，你就应该把这个小册子一字一句的读完。你就应该想一想：你作为一个中国人，你有什么责任！你应该做些什么事情！”纪清漪的行动使更多中国人认清了日本帝国主义的狼子野心。
While in school, Ji Qingyi was also responsible for the editing of the Northeast Semi-Monthly sponsored by the New Northeast Society.The publication was a supplement to the North China Daily in Beiping.It aimed to reveal the conspiracy of Japanese imperialists to invade the Northeast, and at the same time criticize the Nanjing National Government's compromised foreign policy towards Japan.In 1929,by chance, Ji Qingyi received the infamous “Tanaka Memorial” from the editor-inchief An Huaiyin, and then decisively copied several copies overnight, and printed 5,000 copies at the Xinhua Printing Factory in Hepingmen and sent them to Various institutions, organizations, libraries, schools, and even large stores across the country.At the same time, Ji Qingyi also wrote a few words on the title page, “Reader,if your heart is still beating, if your blood is still flowing, you should read this booklet word by word.You should think about it: as a Chinese, what are your responsibilities! What should you do!” Ji Qingyi's actions have made more Chinese people recognize the wolf ambition of Japanese imperialism.
1931年，纪清漪从北京大学毕业，第二年领取律师证，1933年加入北平律师公会，成为北平首位执业女律师。除在北平挂牌外，纪清漪还在天津兼任律师，同时担任北平市女二中训育主任，并创办了新声女子职业传习所，为女性谋求经济独立而奔走呼号。对于女同胞普遍关心的与财产继承、夫妻财产制度、婚姻、妨害风化以及妨害他人家庭等问题有关的法令、法理，纪清漪特别留心钻研，不仅撰成了《释女子继承权》《青年妇女问题与社会制度》等法理文章，而且还通过北平女青年会及各类学校组织演讲，主动传播、推广相关法律知识。当时的《世界日报》评价纪清漪“有异常魅力”“有人类最勇敢的性情，能代表无能力的妇女来打抱不平”。
In 1931, Ji Qingyi graduated from Peking University and received a lawyer's certificate the following year.In 1933, she joined the Beiping Bar Association and became the first practicing female lawyer in Beiping.In addition to listing in Beiping, Ji Qingyi also served as a lawyer in Tianjin, and at the same time as the director of training in Beiping Women's Second Middle School, and founded the Xinsheng Women's Vocational Training Institute, calling for women to seek economic independence.Ji Qingyi paid special attention to the laws and legal principles related to the issues of property inheritance, husband and wife property system,marriage, obstruction of morals, and obstruction of other people's families that are generally of concern to female compatriots.Not only has she written legal articles such as Interpretation of Women's Inheritance Rights, Young Women's Issues and Social System, but also organized speeches through the Beiping Young Women's Association and various schools to actively disseminate and promote relevant legal knowledge.At that time, the World Journal commented that Ji Qingyi was “unusually attractive” and “has the bravest human temperament, able to represent incompetent women to fight injustices”.
七七事变以后，纪清漪远赴西安开展律师业务，并担任山西大同银行法律顾问。抗战胜利后，纪清漪回到天津执业，其事务所先位于第十区常德道57号，后迁至第一区嫩江路122号。
After the July 7 Incident of 1937, Ji Qingyi went to Xi'an to start lawyer business and served as the legal counsel of Shanxi Datong Bank.After the victory of Anti-Japanese War, Ji Qingyi returned to Tianjin to practice.Her office was first located at No.57 Changde Road, District 10, and then moved to No.122, Nenjiang Road, District 1.
新中国成立后，纪清漪积极参加社会主义建设事业，在政务院政法委员会参与司法改革，并参加了清理法院积案的工作。“文革”结束后，她当选为第一届中国法学会理事，协助张友渔编纂了《法学词典》，参与撰写了《中国大百科全书·法学卷》，发表了《中国古代法医学初探》等文章。曾任北京市西城区第五、第六届政协委员，北京市文史研究馆馆员等职。1998年1月11日，在北京逝世，享年94岁。
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Ji Qingyi actively participated in the cause of socialist construction, participated in judicial reform in the Political and Legal Committee of the State Council, and participated in the work of clearing up court cases.After the “Cultural Revolution”, she was elected as the first council member of the Chinese Law Society, assisted Zhang Youyu in compiling the Law Dictionary, participated in the writing of the Law Volume of Encyclopedia of China, and published articles such as A Preliminary Study of Forensic Medicine in Ancient China.Served as a member of the Fifth and Sixth CPPCC in Xicheng District, Beijing, and a librarian of the Beijing Municipal Museum of Literature and History.She passed away in Beijing on January 11, 1998 at the age of 94.
凭借着才华与正义，纪清漪接办了许多大案、难案，其中最著名的就是1936年5月为马占山将军代理的“马荣认子案”。
纪清漪律师登记表
Registration form of lawyer Ji Qingyi
Since then, relying on her talent and justice, Ji Qingyi took over many major and difficult cases, the most famous of which was the “Ma Rong's Recognition Case”acted for General Ma Zhanshan in May 1936.
1936年5月，抗日名将马占山自东北归来后寓居在天津英租界。此后，河北丰润县（今丰润区）一个名叫马荣的人多次到马占山的住处吵闹，称马占山是他多年失散的儿子，并认定马占山耳际有“拴马桩”。于是，马占山委托纪清漪律师在天津地方法院刑庭控告马荣妨害名誉，同时在民庭起诉确认与马荣无父子关系。
In May 1936, Ma Zhanshan, a famous anti-Japanese general, lived in Tianjin British Concession after returning from the northeast.Since then, a man named Ma Rong in Fengrun County, Hebei Province, repeatedly went to Ma Zhanshan's residence and claimed that Ma Zhanshan was his long-lost son, and believed that Ma Zhanshan had “malformed ear” in his ears.Therefore, Ma Zhanshan entrusted lawyer Ji Qingyi to accuse Ma Rong of damaging his reputation in the Criminal Court of Tianjin District Court.At the same time, he filed a lawsuit in the civil court to confirm that he has no father-son relationship with Ma Rong.
这起案件实际是由企图栽赃陷害甚至要刺杀马占山的日本侵略者导演的闹剧。它实际经历了三个司法程序，第一起案件是马荣在天津地方检察处控告马占山遗父不养罪，因无证据支持，被不起诉；第二起案件是马荣见控告无果，遂在天津地方法院民庭起诉马占山确认父子关系案；第三起案件是马占山作为原告提起的刑事诉讼，控告马荣妨害名誉。纪清漪是在马占山接到第二起民事案件的传票后接受委托的。在接受委托并听取案情后，纪清漪确定了如下代理思路：一、民事“认子案”积极应诉，且启动检验程序；二、应主动提起刑事诉讼，控告马荣妨害名誉，这样才能有效遏制马荣的险恶用心。代理思路得到马占山的认可后，纪清漪前往天津地方法院报到。
This case was actually a farce directed by a Japanese aggressor who tried to frame up and even assassinate Ma Zhanshan.There were actually three judicial procedures.The first case was that Ma Rong sued Ma Zhanshan's for refusing to support his father in the Tianjin District Procuratorate.He was not prosecuted because he had no evidence to support him; The second case was that Ma Rong found that the accusation failed,so he sued Ma Zhanshan in the Civil Court of Tianjin District Court to confirm the father-son relationship; the third case was a criminal lawsuit filed by Ma Zhanshan as the plaintiff, accusing Ma Rong of the crime of obstructing his reputation.Ji Qingyi accepted the commission after Ma Zhanshan received the subpoena for the second civil case.After accepting the entrustment and hearing the case, Ji Qingyi determined the following agency ideas: 1.Actively respond to the civil “recognition case” and initiate inspection procedures; 2.Proactively initiate criminal proceedings to accuse Ma Rong of damaging his reputation, so as to effectively deter Ma Rong's sinister intentions.After the agency idea was approved by Ma Zhanshan, Ji Qingyi went to Tianjin District Court to report.
马荣在民庭抗告称，马家祖居河北丰润县，光绪十年（1884）腊月初八得子马占山，因家境窘迫，过继姨妈后被其贩卖致下落不明。经马荣多年辗转于平津、东北寻找，最终得知马占山于天津的寓所，几次上门认子，均被马占山拒之门外。痛心疾首之余，对其不念养恩、不尽孝道之举忍无可忍，于是呈状于天津地方法院，要求马占山认父且履行赡养义务。纪清漪代理马占山拟写的刑事抗告状称：
Ma Rong protested in the civil court, claiming that the Ma family lived in Fengrun County, Hebei.His son Ma Zhanshan was born in the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month 1884.Because his family was poor, his son was adopted by aunt and then be sold .After Ma Rong spent many years in searching in Pingjin and Northeast China, he finally learned of Ma Zhanshan's apartment in Tianjin.He came to admit his son several times, but was rejected by Ma Zhanshan.Distressed, he couldn't bear his lack of nourishment and filial piety, so he filed a petition in the Tianjin District Court, requesting Ma Zhanshan to recognize his father and fulfill his maintenance obligations.The criminal anti-complaint written by Ji Qingyi on behalf of Ma Zhanshan stated:
因丰润马荣迭次到宅吵闹，欲强认为其失子。我自东北归来后，即寓居英租界，息影林泉，不问世事。我自十二岁时丧母，仅我兄妹二人随侍老父，始终未离一步。先父在民国六年（1917）九月二十六日故于吉林省怀德县炭窑村。证人张殿元亲自参加葬礼，且远近亲友无人不知，现在津地人证很多，全可出庭作证，倘我有父不认，不说自身良心难逃，亲友亦不相容。在民庭请求确认与马荣无父子关系的同时，我的精神名誉均受打击。对于平日所有往来之本族，向不拒绝接见，力所能及更无不援助。惟该马荣与我毫无关系，连来多次，经我再三解释不听，存心捣乱，迹近诈财，实属无可理喻。马荣多日数次来门任意谩骂，并称因寻子花费千元，居心不良，我名誉精神具受损失。我虽非书香门第，但也守法知理。按照常情而论，若父子失别多年，有机会相见，只有抱头痛哭，哪有咬牙不认之理？我家教严肃且军人出身，并请早日判决，使社会人士明了真相，以正国人听闻。
Because Ma Rong of Fengrun County visited his residence many times to make noise, he wanted to force him to claim his lost son.After I returned from the Northeast, I lived in the British concession and did not care about world affairs.Since I lost my mother when I was twelve years old,I and my sister were the only ones who served my father.My father died in Tanyao Village, Huaide County,Jilin Province on September 26th in 1917.Witness Zhang Dianyuan attended the funeral in person, and everyone knew about it.Now there are many people in Tianjin who can testify in court.If I denied my father, against my conscience, my relatives and friends are incompatible.While the civil court asked to confirm that I had no father-son relationship with Ma Rong, my spiritual reputation was both hit.For all the people who communicate with each other on weekdays, I never refuse to meet, and will help them as much as I can.But Ma Rong has nothing to do with me.He has come here many times.After I have repeatedly explained and refused to listen, it is unreasonable to deliberately make troubles and swindle money.Ma Rong came to the door several times a few days to swear arbitrarily, and said that because he spent thousands of yuan to find a child, he had bad intentions.My reputation and spirit have suffered.Although I am not a scholar, I also abide by the law.Normally, if a father and son have been separated for many years and have a chance to meet each other, they can only cry with each other.How can there be no reason to refuse to recognize each other? My family tutor is serious and has a military background.Please make an early judgment so that people in the community can understand the truth and listen to it as the people of the country.
刑庭胡国桢推事认为，刑案诬告是否成立，有俟于民案是否能认定父子关系，遂裁定先民后刑。在民事审理过程中，马荣坚称马占山为其失子的证据是指称马占山左耳际有“拴马桩”，并期以此为证，要求传马占山亲自到庭。纪清漪律师称，马占山乃抗日英雄，如今政坛军界失意，且有日本特务行刺暗杀，原告公开露面于都市，恐有不便。请求法庭考虑原告安全，不宜在法庭公开检验。民事审判长裴锡晋也认为有讯问原告之必要，遂决定偕书记官王玉书、法医士李新民及纪清漪律师共同前往英租界马宅就讯。1936年5月22日，天津地方法院刑庭胡国桢推事判决马荣犯侮辱罪和毁人名誉罪，处有期徒刑六个月。
The judge of the Criminal Court Hu Guozhen believed that whether the false accusation in the criminal case was established depends on whether the relationship between father and son can be determined in the civil case, and he ruled that the civil case should be sentenced firstly.During the civil trial, Ma Rong insisted that the evidence that Ma Zhanshan was his lost son was that Ma Zhanshan had a“malformed ear” in his left ear, and expected to use this as evidence, demanding that Ma Zhanshan appear in court in person.Lawyer Ji Qingyi said that Ma Zhanshan was a hero of Anti-Japanese War.Now the political and military circles were frustrated,and Japanese secret agents were conducting assassinations and assassinations.The plaintiff's public appearance may be inconvenient.Asked the court to consider the safety of the plaintiff, and it was not appropriate to conduct a public examination in court.Civil presiding judge Pei Xijin also believed that it was necessary to interrogate the plaintiff, so he decided to join the clerk Wang Yushu, the forensic doctor Li Xinmin, and the lawyer Ji Qingyi to go to the house in the British Concession for the interrogation.On May 22, 1936, judge Hu Guozhen, the Criminal Division of Tianjin District Court, sentenced Ma Rong to crimes of insult and honour, and sentenced him to six months in prison.