注释

注释

序言 别扭的雕像

1.红蓝牌赌博实验见于Antoine Bechara,Hanna Damasio,Daniel Tranel,and Antonio R.Damasio,“Deciding Advantageously Before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy,”Science 275(February 1997):1293-1295。这个实验实际上是探讨各种有趣话题的一种很好的方式。更多信息,请参阅Antonio Damasio,Descartes'Error(New York:HarperCollins,1994),212。

“多快好省法”背后的理念请参见Gerd Gigerenzer,Peter M.Todd,and the ABC Research Group,Simple Heuristics That Make Us Smart(New York:Oxford University Press,1999)。

2.心理学家蒂莫西·威尔逊对适应性潜意识进行了广泛的思考,并对大脑中的“计算机”进行了最容易理解的描述。我从他的精彩著作中受益良多,参见Timothy Wilson,Strangers to Ourselves:Discovering the Adaptive Unconscious(Cambridge,Mass.:Harvard University Press,2002)。威尔逊还详细探讨了爱荷华州的赌博实验。

3.关于心理学家安贝蒂对教师的研究,请参见Nalini Ambady and Robert Rosenthal,“Half a Minute:Predicting Teacher Evaluations from Thin Slices of Nonverbal Behavior and Physical Attractiveness,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64,no.3(1993):431-441。

4.马戈利斯在《科学美国人》杂志上发表了一篇洋洋自得的文章:Stanley V.Margolis,“Authenticating Ancient Marble Scuplture,”Scientific American 260,no.6(June 1989):104-110。

5.关于盖蒂博物馆少年立像的故事在许多地方都有讲述。最值得一读的是托马斯·霍温的False Impression:The Hunt for Big Time Art Fakes(London:Andre Deutsch,1996)第18章。在雅典见到过该少年立像的艺术专家的论述被收录于The Getty Kouros Colloquium:Athens,25-27 May 1992(Malibu:J.Paul Getty Museum and Athens:Nicholas P.Goulandris Foundation,Museum of Cycladic Art,1993)。另见Michael Kimmelman,“Absolutely Real?Absolutely Fake?”New York Times,August 4,1991;Marion True,“A Kouros at the Getty Museum,”Burlington Magazine 119,no.1006(January 1987):3-11;George Ortiz,Connoisseurship and Antiquity:Small Bronze Sculpture from the Ancient World(Malibu:J.Paul Getty Museum,1990),275-278;以及Robert Steven Bianchi,“Saga of the Getty Kouros,”Archaeology 47,no.3(May/June 1994):22-25。

1 薄片理论:小知识,大不同

1.约翰·戈特曼撰写了很多关于婚姻和两性关系的文章。相关梗概,请访问www.gottman.com。关于薄片理论,请参见Sybil Carrère and John Gottman,“Predicting Divorce Among Newlyweds from the First Three Minutes of a Marital Conflict Discussion,”Family Process 38,no.3(1999):293-301。

2.欲获知更多有关奈杰尔·韦斯特的信息,请登录www.nigelwest.com。

3.关于婚姻顾问和心理学家是否能准确判断婚姻的未来,请参见Rachel Ebling and Robert W.Levenson,“Who Are the Marital Experts?”Journal of Marriage and Family 65,no.1(February 2003):130-142。

4.关于寝室的研究,请参见Samuel D.Gosling,Sei Jin Ko,et al.,“A Room with a Cue:Personality Judgments Based on Offices and Bedrooms,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82,no.3(2002):379-398。

5.关于医疗事故诉讼和内科医师的问题,请参见伯克利·赖斯(Berkeley Rice)对杰弗里·艾伦(Jeffrey Allen)和艾丽斯·布尔金(Alice Burkin)的采访:Berkeley Rice,“How Plaintiffs'Lawyers Pick Their Targets,“Medical Economics(April 24,2000),以及Wendy Levinson et al.,“Physician-Patient Communication:The Relationship with Malpractice Claims Among Primary Care Physicians and Surgeons,”Journal of the American Medical Association 277,no.7(1997):553-559;and Nalini Ambady et al.,“Surgeons'Tone of Voice:A Clue to Malpractice History,”Surgery 132,no.1(2002):5-9。

2 潜意识密室:瞬间决断的秘密

1.关于霍温对贝伦森等的看法,请参见FalseImpressions:TheHuntfor Big Time Art Fakes(London:Andre Deutsch,1996),19-20。

2.关于乱句重组测试,请参见Thomas K.Srull and Robert S.Wyer,“The Role of Category Accessibility in the Interpretation of Information About Persons:Some Determinants and Implication,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37(1979):1660-1672。

3.约翰·巴格的精彩研究请参见John A.Bargh,Mark Chen,and Lara Burrows,“Automaticity of Social Behavior:Direct Effects of Trait Construct and Stereotype Activation on Action,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71,no.2(1996):230-244。

4.关于“寻根问底”益智游戏的研究,请参见Ap Dijksterhuis and Ad van Knippenberg,“The Relation Between Perception and Behavior,or How to Win a Game of Trivial Pursuit,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74,no.4(1998):865-877。

5.关于黑白肤色测试表现和种族诱导研究,请参见Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson's“Stereotype Threat and Intellectual Test Performance of African Americans,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69,no.5(1995):797-811。

6.赌博研究被收录于安东尼奥·达马西奥的精彩著作中:Descartes'Error:Emotion,Reason,and the Human Brain(New York:HarperCollins,1994),193。

7.关于摇摆绳实验,请参见Norman R.F.Maier.“Reasoning in Humans:Ⅱ.The Solution of a Problem and Its Appearance in Consciousness,”Journal of Comparative Psychology 12(1931):181-194。

3 沃伦·哈丁假象:我们为何会对高挑而黝黑的俊男倾心

1.有很多关于沃伦·哈丁的优秀书籍,包括:Francis Russell,The Shadow of Blooming Grove:Warren G.Harding in His Time(New York:McGraw-Hill,1968);Mark Sullivan,Our Times:The United States 1900-1925,vol.6,The Twenties(New York:Charles Scribner's Sons,1935),16;Harry M.Daugherty,The Inside Story of the Harding Tragedy(New York:Ayer,1960);and Andrew Sinclair,The Available Man:The Life Behind the Masks of Warren Gamaliel Harding(New York:Macmillan,1965)。

2.有关内隐联想测试(IAT)的更多信息,请参见Anthony G.Greenwald,Debbie E.McGhee,and Jordan L.K.Schwartz,“Measuring Individual Differences in Implicit Cognition:The Implicit Association Test,“Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74,no.6(1998):1464-1480。

3.有关身高问题的出色论述,请参见Nancy Etcoff,Survival of the Prettiest:The Science of Beauty(New York:Random House,1999),p.172。

4.关于身高与薪水的研究请参见Timothy A.Judge and Daniel M.Cable,“The Effect of Physical Height on Workplace Success and Income:Preliminary Test of a Theoretical Model,”Journal of Applied Psychology 89,no.3(June 2004):428-441。

5.关于芝加哥汽车销售员的研究,请参见Ian Ayres,Pervasive Prejudice?Unconventional Evidence of Race and Gender Discrimination(Chicago:University of Chicago Press,2001)。

6.关于对抗偏见的证据,请参见Nilanjana Dasgupta and Anthony G.Greenwald,“On the Malleability of Automatic Attitudes:Combating Automatic Prejudice with Images of Admired and Disliked Individuals,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81,no.5(2001):800-814。其他一些研究也展示了类似的效果,包括:Irene V.Blair et al.,“Imagining Stereotypes Away:The Moderation of Implicit Stereotypes Through Mental Imagery,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81,no.5(2001):828-841;and Brian S.Lowery and Curtis D.Hardin,“Social Influence Effects on Automatic Racial Prejudice,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81,no.5(2001):842-855。

4 保罗·范里佩尔之大获全胜:为自发行为定框架

1.威廉·A.欧文斯对蓝军的作战理念有很精彩的描述,请参见William A.Owens,Lifting the Fog of War(New York:Farrar,Straus,2000),Ⅱ。

2.克莱因关于决策的经典著作为Gary Klein,Sources of Power(Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press,1988)。

3.关于即兴表演的规则,请参见Keith Johnstone,Impro:Improvisation and the Theatre(New York:Theatre Arts Books,1979)。

4.关于“语言屏蔽”,请参见Jonathan W.Schooler,Stellan Ohlsson,and Kevin Brooks,“Thoughts Beyond Words:When Language Overshadows Insight,”Journal of Experimental Psychology 122,no.2(1993):166-183。

5.消防员的故事及其他故事请参见Gary Klein,Sources of Power(Cambridge,Mass.:MIT Press,1998)的第四章“直觉的力量”(The Power of Intuition)。

6.有关赖利的研究,请参见Brendan M.Reilly,Arthur T.Evans,Jeffrey J.Schaider,and Yue Wang,“Triage of Patients with Chest Pain in the Emergency Department:A Comparative Study of Physicians'Decisions,“American Journal of Medicine 112(2002):95-103;and Brendan Reilly et al.,“Impact of a Clinical Decision Rule on Hospital Triage of Patients with Suspected Acute Cardiac Ischemia in the Emergency Department,”Journal of the American Medical Association 288(2002):342-350。

7.戈德曼已就他的算法写了几篇论文,包括Lee Goldman et al.,“A Computer-Derived Protocol to Aid in the Diagnosis of Emergency Room Patients with Acute Chest Pain,”New England Journal of Medicine 307,no.10(1982):588-596;and Lee Goldman et al.,“Prediction of the Need for Intensive Care in Patients Who Come to Emergency Departments with Acute Chest Pain,“New England Journal ofMedicine 334,no.23(1996):1498-1504。

8.关于性别和种族的思考,请参见Kevin Schulman et al.,“Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians'Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization,”New England Journal of Medicine 340,no.8(1999):618-626。

9.关于奥斯坎普的著名研究,请参见Stuart Oskamp,“Overconfidence in Case Study Judgments,”Journal of Consulting Psychology 29,no.3(1965):261-265。

5 肯纳的窘境:如何了解人们的需求

1.迪克·莫里斯的回忆录为Dick Morris,Behind the Oval Office:Getting Reelected Against All Odds(Los Angeles:Renaissance Books,1999)。

2.关于可口可乐的故事,请参见Thomas Oliver,The Real Coke,the Real Story(New York:Random House,1986)。

3.有关切斯金的更多信息,请参见Thomas Hine,The Total Package:The SecretHistoryandHiddenMeaningsofBoxes,Bottles,Cans,andOtherPersuasive Containers(New York:Little,Brown,1995);Louis Cheskin and L.B.Ward,“Indirect Approach to Market Reactions,“Harvard Business Review(September 1948)。

4.萨莉·比德尔·史密斯为西尔弗曼写的传记为Sally Bedell Smith,Up the Tube:Prime-Time TVin the Silverman Years(New York:Viking,1981)。

5.有关更多果酱品鉴的内容,请参见Timothy Wilson and Jonathan Schooler,“Thinking Too Much:Introspection Can Reduce the Quality of Preferences and Decisions,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60,no.2(1991):181-192;“Strawberry Jams and Preserves,”Consumer Reports,August 1985,487-489。

6.西维尔和赫尔曼的食物鉴赏方式在以下文章中有进一步阐释:Gail Vance Civille and Brenda G.Lyon,Aroma and Flavor Lexicon for Sensory Evaluation(West Conshohocken,Pa.:American Society for Testing and Materials,1996);Morten Meilgaard,Gail Vance Civille,and B.Thomas Carr,Sensory Evaluation Techniques,3rd ed.(Boca Raton,Fla.:CRC Press,1999)。

6 布朗克斯区的七秒:心智解读的精妙艺术

1.有关心智解读的更多信息,请参见Paul Ekman,Telling Lies:Clues to Deceit in the Marketplace,Politics,and Marriage(New York:Norton,1995);Fritz Strack,“Inhibiting and Facilitating Conditions of the Human Smile:A Nonobtrusive Test of the Facial Feedback Hypothesis,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54,no.5(1988):768-777;and Paul Ekman and Wallace V.Friesen,Facial Action Coding System,parts 1 and 2(San Francisco:Human Interaction Laboratory,Dept.of Psychiatry,University of California,1978)。

2.克林曾凭借《灵欲春宵》进行了大量的研究。最全面的可能是这篇:Ami Klin,Warren Jones,Robert Schultz,Fred Volkmar,and Donald Cohen,“Defining and Quantifying the Social Phenotype in Autism,”American Journal of Psychiatry 159(2002):895-908。

3.关于心智解读,还可参见Robert T.Schultz et al.,“Abnormal Ventral Temporal Cortical Activity During Face Discrimination Among Individuals with Autism and Asperger's Syndrome,”Archives of General Psychiatry 57(April 2000)。

4.警察开枪的故事摘自戴维·克林格引人入胜的著作David Klinger,Into the Kill Zone:A Cop's Eye View of Deadly Force(San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,2004)

5.戴夫·格罗斯曼的系列精彩视频名为TheBulletproofMind:Prevailingin ViolentEncounters…andAfter。

6.关于二人巡逻,请参见Carlene Wilson,Research on One-and Two-Person Patrols:Distinguishing Fact from Fiction(South Australia:Australasian Centre for Policing Research,1991);Scott H.Decker and Allen E.Wagner,“The Impact of Patrol Staffing on Police-Citizen Injuries and Dispositions,”Journal of Criminal Justice 10(1982):375-382

7.一些研究探索了种族偏见和枪支问题,其中包括:B.Keith Payne,Alan J.Lambert,and Larry L.Jacoby,“Best-Laid Plans:Effects of Goals on Accessibility Bias and Cognitive Control in Race-Based Misperceptions of Weapons,”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38(2002):384-396;Alan J.Lambert,B.Keith Payne,Larry L.Jacoby,Lara M.Shaffer,et al.,“Stereotypes as Dominant Responses:On the‘Social Facilitation’of Prejudice in Anticipated Public Contexts,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84,no.2(2003):277-295;Keith Payne,“Prejudice and Perception:The Role of Automatic and Controlled Processes in Misperceiving a Weapon,“Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81,no.2(2001):181-192;Anthony Greenwald,“Targets of Discrimination:Effects of Race on Responses to Weapons Holders,”Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 39(2003):399-405;and Joshua Correll,Bernadette Park,Charles Judd,and Bernd Wittenbrink,“The Police Officer's Dilemma:Using Ethnicity to Disambiguate Potentially Hostile Individuals,”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83(2002):1314-1329。这项研究是关于一款电子游戏的:在游戏中,白人和黑人将分别处于一个在安全性上模棱两可的位置上,玩家必须决定是否射击。这项研究的结果相当发人深省。

结尾 用眼睛倾听:《眨眼之间》教给我们的箴训

1.关于科南特的故事可参见科南特丈夫威廉·奥斯本的相关描述:William Osborne,“You Sound like a Ladies Orchestra”。

2.下面的文章对于理解古典音乐界的变化特别有帮助:Evelyn Chadwick,“Of Music and Men,”The Strad(December 1997):1324-1329;Claudia Goldin and Cecilia Rouse,“Orchestrating Impartiality:The Impact of‘Blind’Auditions on Female Musicians,”American Economic Review 90,no.4(September 2000):715-741;Bernard Holland,“The Fair,New World of Orchestra Auditions,”New York Times,January 11,1981。

(何珊 译)