自噬在运动抑制T2DM骨吸收代谢中的作用机制
m TOR是一种高度保守的丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶,为m TORC1复合物的一部分,是营养和能量传感器,包括Raptor和m LST8蛋白,参与调节营养感知信号的重要传导通路,而该通路被认为是调控自噬的关键途径。通过研究自噬的发生机制可以发现,运动可通过抑制m TORC1复合物生成以达到诱导自噬发生的目的。研究发现,运动过程中细胞能量代谢降低时,细胞会通过收缩在丝氨酸317(Ser-317)位点激活AMPK并使其磷酸化,进而激活自噬的启动激酶ULK1。AMP依赖的蛋白激酶AMPK通过调节能量代谢促使TSC2、Raptor磷酸化达到抑制m TORC1复合物的活性,从而影响自噬机制的发生。此外,在正常状态下,胰岛素及相关因子也可通过激活PI3 K蛋白活化Akt通路,进而激活m TOR,抑制ULK1的表达。这些都表明了自噬能够影响破骨细胞的吸收功能,具体在T2DM中对破骨细胞的作用机制,仍需通过吸收分化受损的细胞器和蛋白质完成此过程,而运动是如何影响自噬对破骨细胞的调控还需进一步的验证。对此,有实验通过高脂饲养8周小鼠的方法进行T2DM造模,结果发现小鼠体质量和肥胖指数都明显高于普通小鼠。并且,在此过程中,T2DM小鼠骨细胞内的p38 MAPK信号通路受到抑制,p38 MAPK对破骨细胞的影响减弱,骨吸收能力明显下降,骨密度也得到了提高。
越来越多数据表明,T2DM的危害不仅在于血糖升高,更为严重的是其所引发的各种并发症。骨质疏松症为T2DM常见并发症,导致骨折发生概率显著升高。T2DM在形成高糖环境后,成骨细胞的过度氧化促使细胞活性下降,成骨细胞分化能力减弱,同时破骨细胞的吸收能力会提高,使得骨细胞的基质和密度都呈下降趋势。而过度氧化也会使骨细胞承受较成骨细胞、破骨细胞更多的损害,此时,胞内应激机制会启动自噬,吞噬内部受损蛋白质和细胞器,降低骨细胞的矿化能力,以保证胞内环境的稳定。在此过程中,成骨细胞中缺失p62会导致骨髓内环境失衡,进而抑制破骨细胞的骨吸收能力。运动作为改善骨质疏松的重要方案,运动能够提高骨密度,不同运动项目对骨密度的影响也不同,主要体现在诱导自噬的发生来维持破骨细胞与成骨细胞两者的动态平衡,而具体如何实现采用运动的方式来保证骨细胞自噬功能,使骨骼的重建率有所提高,需要更多的试验来进行深入的研究。为证实这一理论,朱子东等在试验中发现,运动干预促进T2DM患者的骨密度提高。此外还有一些研究提出自噬也可能是与衰老相关的骨量减少的重要因素之一,骨细胞中的p62表达会呈现上升的趋势,与此同时,LC3-Ⅱ、BECN1、ULK-1的表达下调,而运动可以参与自噬的调控,以阻止衰老所引起的骨量丢失。以上论述可以表明自噬可以介导运动改善T2DM骨代谢紊乱,如图6-1所示。

图6-1 运动影响自噬改善T2DM骨代谢的可能机制
注:MAPK为丝裂原活化蛋白激酶;Wnt/β-catenin为细胞外因子/β联蛋白;BMP/Smad为骨成形蛋白/Smad蛋白;Akt为蛋白激酶B;p38MAPK为p38丝裂素活化蛋白激酶。
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