AMPK在运动改善T2DM骨代谢中的作用机制

三、AMPK在运动改善T2DM骨代谢中的作用机制

运动是改善骨代谢的重要手段,不同运动对骨产生的力学刺激在促成骨细胞分化和骨形成及抑制破骨细胞分化和骨吸收的作用效果不同(直接作用力优于间接作用力)。T2DM抑制成骨细胞分化及骨形成,但有关运动影响此过程的相关研究较少。在人体研究中,T2DM患者肥胖导致体重增加,虽对骨产生力学刺激,但成骨细胞凋亡增加、骨形成能力下降,松质骨和皮质骨组织形态结构退化。而在动物研究发现,下坡跑产生的直接力学刺激可通过激活T2DM小鼠骨中TGF-β/BMP途径,使得BMSC分化产生成骨细胞、骨形成能力增强。在体外研究中,流体剪切力促进T2DM小鼠体外培养的成骨细胞骨形成能力。分析以上结果,体重对机体产生的直接力学刺激强度较小,而下坡跑和流体剪切力对T2DM骨或成骨细胞产生的直接力学刺激较大(包含体重对骨的力学刺激),促成骨细胞分化及骨形成能力作用更大。运动调控T2DM成骨细胞分化及骨形成的分子机制尚不完善,仅证实了TGF-β/BMP途径。AMPKαl调控T2DM发病,敲除该基因后小鼠表型与T2DM小鼠表型高度一致;并且,下调AMPK表达抑制T2DM的成骨细胞分化及骨形成。AMPK表达下调,通过eNOS-NO途径抑制BMP-2及下游Runx2,抑制T2DM大鼠成骨细胞分化及骨形成能力。体外研究也证实,激活AMPK后上调骨形成标志基因ALP、破骨细胞、Runx2/Cbfa1等,促进成骨细胞分化及其活性。既然运动可显著改善骨中AMPK表达及T2DM的成骨细胞分化和骨形成,并且AMPK介导T2DM抑制成骨细胞分化及骨形成过程。那么,AMPK是否介导运动改善T2DM成骨细胞分化及骨形成?Kanazawa研究发现,运动激活T2DM小鼠骨中AMPK,并促进成骨细胞分化及骨形成,改善骨量和骨组织形态结构。因目前相关研究较少,其分子机制尚不清晰。敲除AMPK后,T2DM小鼠骨中eNOS和BMP-2表达及成骨细胞分化被抑制。然而,运动可通过激活eNOS和BMP-2改善T2DM小鼠骨质疏松。eNOS和BMP-2作为调控骨形成两关键分子,eNOS可通过PI3K/Akt/eNOS途径调控BMSC向成骨细胞分化;而BMP-2作为BMP重要亚型,可通过Smad途径调控成骨细胞分化。综上,运动可通过激活AMPKαl表达,促进T2DM成骨细胞分化骨形成能力,改善骨形成代谢。其机制与AMPK介导Wnt/β-catenin、Runx2等密切相关;并且,骨形成代谢受TGF-β/Smad、Hedgehog、Notch等众多途径调控。那么,运动是否可通过以上信号通路来影响T2DM成骨细胞分化及骨形成?

T2DM骨质疏松症发生与分化产生的破骨细胞和多核破骨细胞数量增多,骨吸收能力增强,导致骨组织微细结构退化密切相关。运动作为改善T2DM骨质疏松的重要手段,其不仅可上调T2DM小鼠骨中AMPK表达,并可通过调控c-fos/NFATc1、RANKL/RANK/OPG、PI3K/Akt、ERK等途径抑制T2DM破骨细胞分化及骨吸收。敲除AMPK后,c-fos/NFATc1途径被抑制,T2DM的破骨细胞分化及骨吸收增强。AMPK亦可通过RANKL/RANK/OPG分子轴、PGC-1β、PI3K/Akt和ERK等进行调控。那么,既然AMPK介导T2DM发生,又介导其破骨细胞分化、融核及骨吸收。不禁要问,AMPK是否介导运动抑制T2DM破骨细胞分化及骨吸收?研究发现,游泳可显著提高T2DM大鼠骨骼肌AMPK表达。但是,运动介导T2DM骨中AMPK表达,调控破骨细胞分化及骨吸收能力的研究较少。综合国内外相关研究发现,①T2DM促进破骨细胞分化及骨吸收;②AMPK敲除促进T2DM破骨细胞分化及骨吸收;③运动(尤其是直接作用力)抑制T2DM破骨细胞分化及骨吸收。因此,运动抑制T2DM破骨细胞分化及骨吸收的分子机制,与AMPK活化后,抑制c-fos/NFATc1、RANKL/RANK/OPG、PI3K/Akt等信号通路有关。

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