目录
目 录
Preface
1 Overview
2 Overall Stability
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Types of Factors of Safety
2.3 Basal Heave Stability
2.3.1 Bearing capacity method
2.3.2 Negative bearing capacity method
2.3.3 Slip circle method
2.3.4 Finite⁃element method with strength reduction technique
2.3.5 Goh’s method
2.4 Push⁃in Stability
2.5 Overall Shear Failure of Cantilever Walls
3 Earth Pressure and Strut Force
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Lateral Earth Pressure in Braced Excavations
3.2.1 In situ lateral stress
3.2.2 Conventional earth pressure theory
3.2.3 Apparent pressure diagrams（APD）
3.3 Parametric Study
3.3.1 Effect of soil modulus
3.3.2 Effect of the cu profile and value
3.3.3 Effect of wall stiffness
3.3.4 Effect of excavation width（B）
3.3.5 Effect of thickness to hard stratum（T）
3.3.6 Effect of preloading
3.3.7 Effect of temperature
3.4 One⁃Strut Failure Analysis
3.4.1 Numerical schemes
3.4.2 One⁃strut failure analysis：two hypothetical cases
4 Retaining Wall and Bending Moment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Wall Types
4.2.1 Soldier piles
4.2.2 Sheet piles
4.2.3 Column piles
4.2.4 Diaphragm walls
4.2.5 Selection of the retaining system
4.3 Stress Analysis Method
4.3.1 Simplified methods
4.3.2 Beam on Elastic Foundation Method
4.3.3 Finite element method
4.4 Design of Retaining Walls
4.4.1 Soldier piles
4.4.2 Sheet piles
4.4.3 Column piles
4.4.4 Diaphragm walls
5 Ground Movements
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sources of Ground Movements
5.2.1 Wall installation
5.2.2 Excavation in front of wall
5.2.3 Movements due to water
5.3 Ground Movement Predictions Adjacent to Excavations
5.3.1 Peck's method
5.3.2 Clough and O’Rourke's method
5.3.3 Bowles's method
5.3.4 Ou and Hsieh method
5.3.5 Newly proposed methods
5.3.6 Relation betweenδH（max）andδV（max）
5.4 Damage to Buildings
6 Finite Element Method
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Basic Principles
6.2.1 Plane strain elements
6.2.2 Bar elements
6.2.3 Beam elements
6.2.4 Interface elements
6.3 Determination of Initial Stresses
6.3.1 Direct input method
6.3.2 Gravity generation method
6.4 Modeling of an Excavation Process
6.5 Mesh Generation
6.5.1 Shape of the element
6.5.2 Density of mesh
6.5.3 Boundary conditions
6.6 Excavation Analysis Method
6.6.1 Total stress analysis and effective stress analysis
6.6.2 Drained analysis，undrained analysis，and partially drained analysis
6.6.3 Coupled analysis
6.6.4 Plane strain analysis and three⁃dimensional analysis
6.7 Example：Excavation in Sand
6.7.1 Geometry
6.7.2 Definition of structural elements
6.7.3 Mesh generation
6.7.4 Performance calculations
6.7.5 Viewing the results
7 Soil Constitutive Models
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 On use of different models
7.1.2 Limitations
7.2 Linear Elastic Perfectly Plastic Model（Mohr⁃Coulomb Model）
7.2.1 Formulation of the Mohr⁃Coulomb model
7.2.2 Basic parameters of the Mohr⁃Coulomb model
7.3 Hardening Soil Model（Isotropic Hardening）
7.3.1 Hyperbolic relationship for standard drained triaxial test
7.3.2 Parameters of the hardening soil model
7.4 Hardening Soil Model with Small⁃strain Stiffness（HS⁃small）
7.4.1 Describing Small⁃strain stiffness with a simple hyperbolic law
7.4.2 Applying the Hardin⁃Drnevich relationship in the HS model
7.4.3 Model parameters
7.4.4 Other differences with the Hardening Soil model
7.5 The Soft Soil Model
7.5.1 Isotropic states of stress and strain（σ′1＝σ′2＝σ′3）
7.5.2 Yielding founction
7.5.3 Parameters of the Soft Soil Model
7.6 Modified Cam⁃clay Model
7.6.1 Formulation of the Modified Cam⁃clay model
7.6.2 Parameters of the Modified Cam⁃clay model
8 Dewatering of Excavations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Dewatering Methods
8.2.1 Open sumps or ditches
8.2.2 Well points
8.2.3 Deep wells
8.3 Well Theory
8.3.1 Full penetration wells
8.3.2 Free aquifers
8.3.3 Group wells
8.4 Pumping Test
8.4.1 Step drawdown tests
8.4.2 Constant rate tests
8.5 Dewatering Plan for an Excavation
8.5.1 Selection of dewatering methods
8.5.2 Determination of hydraulic parameters
8.5.3 Determination of the capacity of wells
8.5.4 Estimation of the number of wells
8.5.5 Computation of the influence range of drawdown
8.6 Dewatering and Ground Settlement
9 Soil Improvement by Grouting
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Grouting Equipment
9.2.1 Batch and Pumping Systems
9.2.2 Packers
9.2.3 Pipes
9.2.4 Monitoring system
9.3 Grouting Methods
9.3.1 Chemical grouting method
9.3.2 Jet grouting method
9.3.3 Deep mixing method
9.3.4 Compaction grouting method
9.4 Ground Improvement Design
10 Adjacent Building Protection
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Building Protection by Utilizing the Characteristics of Excavation⁃Induced Deformation
10.2.1 Reducing the unsupported length of the retaining wall
10.2.2 Decreasing the creep influence
10.2.3 Taking advantage of corner effect
10.2.4 Building protection by increasing stiffness of the retaining⁃strut system
10.2.5 Utilizing the characteristics of ground settlement
10.3 Building Protection by Utilizing Auxiliary Methods
10.3.1 Ground improvement
10.3.2 Counterfort walls
10.3.3 Cross walls
10.3.4 Micro piles
10.3.5 Underpinning
10.4 Building Rectification Methods
10.4.1 Compaction grouting
10.4.2 Chemical grouting
10.4.3 Underpinning
11 Instrumentation and Monitoring
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Element of a Monitoring System
11.3 Measurement of Movement
11.3.1 Lateral deformation of retaining walls and soils
11.3.2 Tilt of buildings
11.3.3 Ground settlement and building settlement
11.3.4 Heave of excavation bottoms
11.4 Measurement of Stress and Force
11.4.1 Sturt load
11.4.2 Stress of the retaining wall
11.4.3 Earth pressure on the retaining wall
11.5 Measurement of Water Pressure and Ground⁃water Level
11.5.1 Water pressure
11.5.2 Groundwater level
11.6 Plan of Monitoring Systems
11.7 Application of Monitoring Systems
12 Back Analysis for Excavation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 General Procedure of Back Analysis in Excav⁃ation Issues
12.2.1 Formulation of an error function
12.2.2 Optimization strategy
12.2.3 Experimental and observed data
12.3 Deterministic Method
12.3.1 Gradient⁃based method
12.3.2 Genetic algorithm
12.4 Probabilistic Methods
12.4.1 Maximum likelihood method
12.4.2 Bayesian methods
12.4.3 First⁃order reliability Method
13 Excavation Failure Case Analysis
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Nicoll Highway Collapse，Singapore，2004
13.2.1 Case Description
13.2.2 Lessons Learned
13.3 Xianghu Metro Station Collapse，Hangzhou，China，2008
13.3.1 Case analysis
13.3.2 Lesson learned
13.4 Guangzhou Haizhu City Square Foundation Pit Collapse
13.4.1 Case analysis
13.4.2 Lesson learned
13.5 Shanghai Metro Line 4 Seepage
13.5.1 Cause analysis
13.5.2 Repair plan
13.6 Other Cases
Appendix
AppendixⅠ Symbols and Abbreviations
AppendixⅡ Database of Propped and Anchored Deep Excavation
Reference