5.2 Sources of Ground Movements
Ground movements arise from：
a.wall installation（Section 5.2.1）.
b.excavation in front of the wall（Section 5.2.2）.
c.groundwater flow resulting in loss of ground and consolidation caused by changes in water pressures due to seepage through and／or around the wall（Section 5.2.3）.
d.other site⁃specific sources of movements，such as：
•construction of large diameter bored piles within or around the proposed excavation.
•ground improvement installations such as grouting（compensation or permeation）in or around the site.
•installation of excavation access ramps.
•miscellaneous shallow excavations（e.g.for drains）.
•removal of temporary sheet piles.
•installation of temporary anchors，etc.
Each of these are discussed in detail in the following sections.Many of the site⁃specific causes are not predictive analysis or assessment，and the designer should carefully consider the impact of these when making site⁃specific editions of ground movements.Such impacts will be additional to the generic causes as follows.