词汇表（Glossary）
agent - person authorised to act on your behalf in selling your product.
bespoke - individually or custom made.
block - primary pattern used time and again allowing designers to modify key silhouettes.
boutique - small shopping outlet specialising in elite and fashionable items.
buyer - person responsible for purchasing your product from you in order to sell on to the consumer.
C&F - Cost and Freight, a trading term to denote that the price of goods includes the main freight to a named port of destination.
call sheet - list of contact details of all the team members working on a shoot or catwalk show.
cash flow - measure of a company’s financial health.
cash flow forecast - an estimate of a company’s inflows and outflows of money measured over a specific period of time.
catwalk - where models parade the latest collections.
chain store - one of a number of retail stores under the same ownership and dealing in the same merchandise.
CIF - Cost, Insurance and Freight paid to a point of destination and included in the price quoted.
CMT - manufacturing terminology for Cut, Make, Trim.
COD - Cash on Delivery.A transaction in which goods are paid for in full, in cash or by certified cheque, when they are delivered.
cognitive dissonance - anxiety resulting from inconsistency between one’s beliefs and one’s actions.Often occurs after the purchase of an expensive item.
comparative shopping - researching current products on the market offered by competitors.
co-operative - a business owned and controlled equally by the people who use its services or who work at it.
copyright - exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, sell, or distribute artistic work.
cottage industry - business or industry in which goods are produced prima rily in the home of the producer.
creative director - person responsible for developing and maintaining the overall image of the business.
cutting ticket - exact details for an order set for production,otherwise known as the production run.
department store - large retail store offering a variety of merchandise and services.
digital workflow - digital version of photographic film processing.discount store - store that sells merchandise at a discount from the manufacturer’s suggested retail price.
distribution - supply and delivery of fashion goods to warehouses,shops and other outlets.
docket - see cutting ticket.
domain name - name that identifies a website.
e-commerce - buying and selling via the internet.
eco fashion - fashion designed to be environmentally friendly.editorial shoot - photographic spread or spreads that tell a story and create an atmosphere.
employers’ liability insurance - compulsory insurance policy for employers, protecting employees if they are injured or become ill as a result of their work.
entrepreneur - person that starts a new business venture.
equity stake - the proportion of a business owned by shareholders.
exchange of letters - an agreement or understanding between two parties.
exclusivity - one party grants another party sole rights with regard to a particular business function.
ex-factory - shipping term meaning that the seller owns goods until they are picked up from his factory, at which point they are the buyer’s responsibility.
factor - third party who provides the seller with cash by purchasing, or taking a lien against, the accounts receivable or inventories of the seller.
fashion cupboard - where fashion magazines organise/store garments called in for photographing.
fast fashion - quick manufacturing at lower prices for the high street, in response to designer trends as they emerge.
fit model - model with standard proportions who tries on samples to get fit right.
FOB - Free On Board.A shipping term indicating that the supplier pays the shipping costs (and usually also the insurance costs) from the point of manufacture to a specified destination, at which point the buyer takes responsibility.
font - a specific typeface in a specific point size and style.
franchise - right to market a product or provide a service as granted by a manufacturer or company.
full package manufacturing - when a manufacturer provides all elements including patterns, fabric, cut, make and all trims.
gross profit - profit before overheads (fixed operating expenses)have been deducted.
haute couture - clothes made exclusively for private clients.
high end - expensive designs below haute couture level, often produced in limited numbers.
indirect cost - cost not directly attributable to the manufacturing of a product, also known as overhead.
invoice - bill issued by the provider of products and/or services to a customer.
joint venture - entity formed between two or more parties to undertake economic activity together.
landed price - the total cost of a landed shipment including purchase price, freight, insurance and other costs up to the port of destination.In some instances, it may include customs duties and other taxes levied on the shipment.
LDP - Landed Duty Paid, the price of goods including insurance,freight and all duties.
lead time - time taken for supplier to make goods available.
letter of credit - document issued by a bank on the instruction of a buyer, authorising a seller to draw a sum of money under specified terms, usually the receipt by the bank of certain documents within a given time.
licensing - permission to use intellectual property rights,such as trademarks, patents or technology, under defined conditions.
line sheet - selling tool showing sketches of product with pricing,colour options and sizes.
LLP - Limited Liability Partnership.In this type of partnership,partners bear no personal liability for negligent acts committed by other partners, or by employees not under their direct control.
logo - name, symbol or trademark designed for easy and definite recognition.
lookbook - marketing tool showing photographs of a collection.
made-to-measure - garment fitted to the customer’s size.
margin - net sales minus the cost of goods and services sold.
mark-up - amount added to a cost price in calculating selling price.
mass-market fashion - ready-to-wear clothes produced in large quantities and standard sizes using cheaper materials.
memorandum of association - details a company submits to the Registrar of Companies with its articles of association, including company name, registered address, objectives, authorised share capital and statement of limited liability.
minimums - smallest amount of goods a seller will allow a buyer to purchase.
model release form - contract establishing the permitted use of a model’s image.
moodboard - sketches, colours, images, ideas used as the starting point for designs and collections.
motif - sewn or printed decoration synonymous with a brand.
net profit - how much money a company has earned from its business over the course of a year.
net sales - sales generated by a company after the deduction of returns, allowances for damaged or missing goods and any discounts allowed.
net terms - period of credit before payment is due.
offer - a designer’s product range.
overhead - ongoing administrative expense of a business, not attributed to any specific business activity, but still necessary for the business to function; also known as indirect cost.
PDS - Pattern Design System, used to electronically cut and grade patterns.
perceived value - market-based approach to pricing, where the price is set by estimating potential consumers’ perceptions of the value of the product.
PLC - Public Limited Company, the standard legal form for a limited-liability public company in the UK.
pre-collection - delivered months ahead of a designer’s main
catwalk ranges, a preview of the new season’s looks.
press book - folder for press cuttings.
press pack - collection of public relations material for distribution to the press.
press release - announcement of an event, performance or other newsworthy item issued to the press.
prêt-à-porter - ready-to-wear clothing.
price architecture - framework in which a product is costed.
price point - standard price set by the seller for a product.
product portfolio - set of different products a fashion label produces.
pro forma - invoice presented for payment of goods prior to their dispatch.
range depth - the number of styles offered in a range.
range width - the number of colour options for each style.
ranges - styles and collections.
range plan - detailed structure of a designer’s collection prior to development of samples.
retail - sale of goods directly to the consumer.
ready-to-wear - clothing marketed in a finished condition, in standard clothing sizes.
RRP - Recommended Retail Price.
runway - another term for catwalk.
samples - first versions of a design.
seasons - autumn/winter and spring/summer styles and collections.
sell-through rate - percentage of stock sold prior to mark-downs.
shelf-life - time a product can be kept in store.
show card - card-mounted press clipping.
sourcing - researching, finding and obtaining materials, trimmings and finished garments.
specification drawing/spec - technical drawing showing all measurements of a product.
specification sheet - document including specification drawing,listing all the relevant components needed to make up a first sample.
speciality store - store selling only one type of merchandise.
split delivery - order delivered in more than one batch.
story - mood and direction of your collection.
story board - summary of your collection’s inspiration
and theme.
supply chain - system of organising people, activities,information and resources to get product from manufacturer to customer.
swatch - small piece of fabric used to illustrate colour, print,design or detail before a piece is made or delivered.
swing ticket - tag put on products showing price, size and designer’s logo/motif.
tear sheet - page cut or torn from a magazine, newspaper or journal.
termination clause - provision in a contract that allows for its termination under specified circumstances.
territory - a specified geographical area or market.
toile - first made-up version of a garment in a cheap fabric.
trial balloon - a test of public opinion.
turnover - total sales made in a given period of time.
unit price - cost or price of an item.
USP - Unique Selling Point.
wholesale - selling product to a retailer who sells on at a higher price.
working capital - cash available for day-to-day operations.