第五章 教 条
1.The greater the ignorance, the greater the dogmatism.
—— William Osler, 1849——1919
【译文】越无知，越教条。
2.Our ancestors deserve our best thanks for the assistance which they have given us: where we find them to be right, we are obliged to embrace their opinions as truths; but implicit faith is not required from man to man; and our reverence for our predecessors must not prevent us from using our own judgments.
—— Percivall Pott, 1714——1788
【译文】我们应该由衷地感谢前辈给予我们的帮助，（对于）他们正确的意见，我们理应奉为真理去拥抱。但人与人之间不需要绝对的信仰，对前辈的尊敬不应阻止我们有自己的判断。
【点评】崇拜的是真理而不是某个人。
3.The more we treat the theories of our predecessors as myths, the more inclined we shall be treat our own theories as dogmas.
—— Stephen E.Toulmin, 1922——?
【译文】我们越是把前人的理论当作神话，就越倾向于把自己的理论当作教条。
4.It is now as it was then and as it may ever be; conceptions from the past blind us to facts which almost slap us in the face.
—— William Stewart Halsted, 1852——1922
【译文】我们视几乎要被打脸的事实而不顾，继续盲从一些过时概念的事例，不仅现在有，过去有，或许永远都会有。
5.He follows customs even when it is unreasonable or actually absurd.His headlight, like the glow of the glow worm, is on the wrong end.He progresses but in a circle, like the hands of a clock.He is not the active man behind the gun, but the slow and often dull man behind the times.His ideas are from a reservoir and not from the spring.
—— J.halmers Da Costa, 1863——1933
【译文】即使是不合理甚至很荒谬，他也继续因循守旧。他的头灯就像萤火虫的光一样，指向了错误的一端。他的进步是在一个圈子里打转，就像钟表的指针一样。他不是一个果断出手的人，而是一个落后于时代，行动迟缓、思想愚钝的人，其想法源自一池死水，而不是涓涓清泉。(https://www.daowen.com)
6.As the great Lord Bacon said, "much that was solid has sunk into the river of time, and much that was light has floated".Multiple assertions must not be taken as proof for books copy each other.A name does not prove a truth.
—— J.Chalmers Da Costa, 1863——1933
【译文】 正如伟大的培根勋爵所言：“许多坚实的东西已沉入时间的长河，而不少虚浮之物却漂浮于上。”许多书本相互抄袭，所以多个相同的主张并不能作为证据。伟名也不能为真理背书。
7.My built in dogma detector: if someone prefaces their statement with"Always, always …" or "Never, never …" what they are then about to say is probably unsubstantiated dogma.If the use one of these two prefaces, and in addition poke the air with an index finger, assuming a stern face and focused glare——then it is pathognomonic of dogma.
—— David Dent
【译文】 我有一台教条检测仪：如果有人说话用“总是，总是……”或“从不，从不……”作为开场白，那么接下来要说的可能就是查无实据的教条。如果只用了其中之一，并且食指戳向空中，装出一副严肃的脸、双目圆瞪——那么，这就是教条所特有的病征。
8.We think so because all other people think so; or because we think we in fact think so; or because we were told to think so, and think we must think so.
—— Rudyard Kipling, 1865——1936
【译文】我们之所以这样想，是因为所有其他人都这样想；或者因为我们认为自己实际上也是这样想；或者因为有人告诉我们要这样想，认为我们必须这样想。
【点评】典型的盲从思维套路。
9.Failure to produce a scholarly environment for the embryonic surgeon will encourage unquestioning dogma that will be restrictive for future development.
—— William Silen
【译文】如果不能为启蒙期的外科医生创造一个好的学术环境，就是怂恿他们盲从教条，这将限制他们未来的发展。
10.Sometimes these discussions confirm my first impressions of our species;it doesn't matter so much what you believe as long as you are dogmatic about it.
—— Charles Hendricks
【译文】有时候，这些讨论只是证实了我对我们这个物种的第一印象，即一旦教条起来，你怎么认为的已经不重要了。