一、课堂导入方法

一、课堂导入方法

课堂导入应遵循以生为本的原则,从学生的生活实际出发,关注学生的学习兴趣和经验,抓住学生思维的触点,创设真实的语境,提供语言运用的机会,使学生在轻松活泼而又引人入胜的课堂氛围中主动参与教学过程。常见的课堂导入方法有七种,即:头脑风暴法、影像法、游戏法、情景法、音乐法、文化输入法和开门见山法。值得一提的是,这七种最常见的导入方式在实际运用的过程中并不是孤立的,优秀的教师总能根据不同的教学内容和教学对象,巧妙综合运用它们中的几种。

(一)头脑风暴法

头脑风暴法(Brain Storming),又称智力激励法或BS 法,是一种激发创造性思维的方法。它鼓励所有学生在畅所欲言的气氛中,自由交换想法,而不进行讨论和评价。各种设想在相互碰撞中激起脑海的创造性“风暴”,逐渐形成正确的结论或解决问题的方法。

案例4-1

选自第六届全国中学(高中)英语教学观摩暨研讨会案例集的教学视频(文本自行转述)。山东实验中学宋武栋老师执教课文“Clothing Culture”。

T:Boys and girls,look at me.Do I look handsome today?(Mr.Wu is wearing a black suit.)

Ss:Yes!

T:I think I look more handsome than I was yesterday.What makes the difference?

Ss:Clothing.

T:Yes.What do you know about clothing?Tell me anything that comes to your mind.

S1:Dress,trousers.

S2:Shoes,shirts.

S3:Skirt,gloves.

S4:Sweater,jacket.

S5:Blouses,jeans.

T:Yes,jeans!Today we re going to talk about jeans,You know jeans?How many of you are wearing jeans now?Do you love wearing jeans?Tell me anything you know about jeans.

上述案例中,宋老师一进教室就以一身笔挺的西装引起学生的注意,之后以问题“What do you know about clothing?Tell meany thing that comes to your mind.”拉开了头脑风暴的序幕。同学们开始自由地发表意见,宋老师同时在黑板上如实地记录他们的意见而不加任何评论,逐渐引出该课的主题。随后,宋老师又以“How many of you are wearing jeans now?Do you love wearing jeans?”这两个与学生生活经历息息相关的问题,使学生产生用英语表达的欲望,进一步激发学生的兴趣。最后,宋老师又以“Tell me anything you know about jeans.”组织学生开展第二轮头脑风暴。而此时的头脑风暴并不在于引出主题,而在于激活学生大脑中已有的关于“Jeans”的图式,帮助学生在阅读的过程中运用旧知获取新知。

(二)影像法

影像法指运用现代多媒体技术,通过电影和图片等多模态方式导入课文。其直观性、生动性往往能在瞬间吸引学生的注意力,学生闻其声,观其形,临其境,学习兴趣盎然,教学效果增强。

案例4-2

选自第六届全国中学(高中)英语教学观摩暨研讨会案例集的教学视频(文本自行转述)。黄阳市第一中学丁老师执教课文“Disasters”。

(老师先让学生观看一段人们争先恐后逃离洪灾现场的电影片段)

T:Tell me what you saw in the movie.

S1:A lot of water,and people are very panic.

S2:A lot of taxies are trapped in the water.

S3:Some policemen are trying to save the trapped people.

T:What is happening exactly?

S4:Some disaster is happening.

T:Could you name the disaster?

S4:Tsunami.

T:Tell me more about Tsunami.Difficult?Look at some pictures and describe them to me.What do you see?(这时,老师向学生展示了保护自然灾难照片)

S5:Huge waves are packing villages.People lose their lives.

S6:People become homeless.They are frightened.

S7:People are crying.Houses are destroyed.

T:So tsunami is a severe disaster And disasters can cause a lot of problems and pains to our life.So it s necessary for us to learn something about disasters.

上述案例中,因为地理位置的原因,海啸、地震、飓风等天灾离学生的实际生活有差距,他们对所讨论的主题“disasters”较陌生。因而,丁老师在开讲前放的一段视频堪称妙极。它让学生身临其境般体验了一回海啸逃生记,而丁老师接下来给学生展示的6 张图片让学生进一步了解了海啸摧枯拉朽般的破坏力。通过影像展示天灾给人们带来的灾难和痛苦,其带给学生的震撼力是语言无法比拟的。

(三)游戏法

游戏本身是一种趣味性的活动,符合中学生好玩、好动、好胜的心理特征。它能调动学生的学习热情,激发学习的积极性和主动性。游戏方法有很多种,为达到理想的教学效果,教师必须认真研究教材,根据教学内容和学生实际情况来选择、设计游戏。

案例4-3

选自第六届全国中学(高中)英语教学观摩暨研讨会案例集的教学视频(文本自行转述)。云南大学附属中学毕劲梅老师执教课文“Your mind”。

T:Hello,everybody.It’s nice to see all of you here.I know you re all very intelligent students,but I’m wondering whether you have good memories.So now I’m going to challenge your memory.Please look at some pictures for 10 seconds.After that,you try to remember what you see.You can’t take notes Just look at them,and try to remember.(PPT 上先出现9 种水果的图片,10 秒后图片消失)OK,they’re gone.Are they still in your memory?Do you still remember what you saw just now?How many fruits did you see just now?

S1:9.

T:Yes.Which 9?At least do you remember some?Anybody can try?Try to tell us what you remember.

S2:I only remember apple,watermelon,and banana.

T:What else?

S3:Sorry.I forget it.

T:OK,let’s see what they are.(再次显示图片)We also have strawberry,pineapples,pears,cherry,litchi and grape.So these are fruits.

T:What about music?Can you remember music well after you hear some music?OK,listen to some music.(PPT 播放完三段莫扎特音乐的片段)So can you remember the music?

S6:Sorry.I can’t.

T:It doesn’t matter.You know some people can remember music well.There is one person who could remember the music he heard for the first time,Who is this music genius?Read quickly and find it out.

上述案例中,毕老师紧扣文章主题,设计了挑战学生记忆力的游戏。该游戏生动有趣,寓教于乐。学生在紧张刺激的记忆挑战游戏中,复习和巩固旧知识,接触新知识;体会交际、合作、互动的师生关系,提高英语学习的兴趣和效率。此外,教师通过在游戏中考查学生对音乐的记忆力这一环节,导入新课。

(四)情景法

《新课程标准》规定要“提高学生运用英语进行真实交际的能力”,因为交际功能是语言的本质功能。而任何运用语言的交际活动都是在一定的情景中进行的。情景是语言发挥其交际功能的场合,是揭示语言表达意义的基本因素之一。这就要求教师要从语言表达的结构和功能出发,在呈现教材内容之前,创设与之相一致的情景,使学生在真实的或半真实的交际情境中更好地理解语言所传递的信息,深刻领悟其交际功能。因而,情景导入法的根本特点就是要让学生借助教师所创设的生动形象的情景来理解英语,在一定的语境中感知、理解具体情景中语言所传递的信息。

案例4-4

选自第七届全国中学(初中)英语教学观摩研讨会的教学视频(文本自行转述)。北京师范大学附属实验中学何秀杰老师执教课文“Problem”。

T:Good afternoon,boys and girls.My first question is do you have a lot of homework?

Ss:Yes.

T:Are you busy?

Ss:Yes.

T:Me too.I have been really busy recently.You see,my e-mail box is full.(PPT上呈现何老师的邮箱)See here.I got a letter from Peter.He was one of my students.He said he felt really terrible.He said,“I hate my parents.”That means Peter and his parents have a...(停顿等待学生回答)

S:Problem.

T:Yes,they have a problem.(何老师将Peter 和他父母的图像贴在黑板上,之间用单词“problem”连接)When you and your parents have a problem,how do you feel?

T:Yes,you feel bored?But I think Peter and his parents must feel unhappy.Do you agree with me?(转身将“unhappy”写在黑板上)

Ss:Yes.

T:So they’re unhappy.Can you guess what might be the problem with Peter and his parents?Do you want to know the problem?OK.Let’s read the letter.

上述案例中,何老师创造性地将Peter 这个课文中的人物转化为自己的学生,设计了学生通过邮件向她诉说烦恼的生活情景。教师的邮箱,教师的学生,学生和家长遇到的问题,这些情景都与学生的日常生活密切相关,使他们身临其境,很快进入交际角色。

(五)音乐法

音乐是人类共同的语言,是人类情感的一种重要的表达方式。运用音乐辅助英语教学能营造轻松愉快的学习氛围,帮助学生放松心情,减轻压力,有助于他们积极思维,从而取得理想的教学效果。运用音乐导入课文,乐曲的选择至关重要,必须与文章主题密切相关,必须健康向上。

案例4-5

选自第六届全国中学(高中)英语教学观摩研讨会案例集的教学视频(文本自行转述)。山西太原师范学院附中潘位老师执教课文“Machu Picchu”。

(潘老师在课前先放了班得瑞“蓝色天际”专辑里的曲子Machu Picchu)

T:Do you like the music?

S:Yes!

T:Any idea who wrote this beautiful music?

(Silence)

T:It is written by a very famous band.It is Bandari.Have you heard about it?

S:Yes!

T:Cool!You know it!But do you know this piece of music is written for a special place,a very mysterious place?Now let’s pay a visit to this place.(背景音乐Machu Picchu 再次响起,此时PPT 上呈现一段描写Machu Picchu 这座失落的城市的文字)

T:Are you picturing the place in your mind?Where is it?The title of the passage might help you.

S:Machu Picchu.

T:So now we are going to learn about the discovery of the lost city.Read fast to find out who discovered the city and when and where they discovered the city.

潘老师紧扣文章主题,在开课前播放了班得瑞的曲子Machu Picchu。当空灵的乐声响起,学生不禁随之陶醉,融入了乐声所营造的意境。而当乐曲配合文字描述再次响起时,学生宛如置身于Machu Picchu 这座古老而神秘的石头城市,一切的一切仿佛清晰可见。可以说,音乐这极富内涵的艺术语言像磁石般吸引了学生的注意力,使学生的想象力得以淋漓尽致地舒展。

(六)开门见山法

开门见山法,顾名思义,即教师开讲时不拐弯抹角而直奔主题。读者也许认为这再简单不过了,然而,要使该法发挥功效却绝非易事。

案例4-6

在讲授高中课文“The secrets of success”时,某教师以如下方式导入:

T:Hello,boys and girls.Today’s topic is the secrets of success.Do you want to be a successful person?(学生的回答一般是肯定的)Then you must want to know the secrets.Are you eager to know the secrets of success?(学生的回答一般也是肯定的)Me too!I also want to be a successful person and I also want to know the secrets of success.Actually,I just can’t wait to know them.So now let’s explore the secrets of success together to help us become successful.

该教师首先点明主题;接着跟学生沟通交流,以问题的形式引发学生对这一主题的兴趣;最后教师以略微夸张,充满激情的口吻引导学生跟随教师一道去设法开启成功的法门,创设美好的未来。