四、在线观察
在线观察作为研究社会事务与自然现象的基本研究方法,伴随着媒介技术的发展愈发凸显出其独特价值。在线观察一般分为参与观察(participant observation)和非参与观察(non-participant observation)。非参与观察通常是指研究人员带着特定问题以局外人的观察者身份进入研究现场远距离观看自然情境中人们行为方式的一种研究方法,研究者藏身于“单面镜”之后,或是以一个不被研究对象察觉、关注的角色入场通常被看作是最理想的非参与观察过程,而互联网的隐匿性以及对“身体在场”与“身体到场”的达成则为这种理想的非参与观察提供了“温床”。相对于非参与观察而言,参与观察更类似一种非结构性的持续观察活动,它通常以此时此地的生活情境和场景作为研究方法的基础,把注意力更多地放在日常的、面对面的协商、讨论及社会意义建构的社会过程上,因此极度地耗时耗力且要求研究人员必须深入研究对象的生活背景中,在实际体验和浸入被访者日常生活的过程中,以观看、倾听、交流、询问等手段建立与被观察者之间的联系,从而以局内人的视角全方位地洞察和理解被观察者所处社会环境、情境文化的多重面相[41],以便获得他们看待事物真实而全面的观点。在线观察法通常用于研究体育社群的互动行为、课程与教学内容和传统体育文化,较为有代表性的研究包括“体育赛事与品牌营销”(2018)[42]、“网络体育社群互动与种族主义”(2023)[43]等。
【注释】
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