第一周 听力
考核要求
博士研究生英语入学考试采取的是各院校自行命题,自行组织考试的办法,但国内大部分院校博士生考试理论上都以国家教育部1992年颁布的《非英语专业研究生英语教学大纲》为指导标准,因此,相对来说,该大纲中对听力的要求仍能反映目前听力部分考试的大体要求:
对题材熟悉,难度不大,基本上没有生词;
语速为每分钟120~140词的听力材料;
一遍可以听懂,理解中心思想和主要内容;
能基本听懂本专业的学术报告,并做简要笔记;
能进行一般性对话,基本上能表达自己的学术见解。
博士研究生英语入学考试要求考生能具有大致相当于全国大学英语六级的水平。因此,六级大纲对考生也具有较高的参考价值。在四级的基础上,考生应能一遍就听懂140词每分钟的听力材料,准确率不应低于70%。此外,听力部分的成功与否依赖于考生的词汇量多少。一般要求考生的词汇量在8000词左右。听力题型的完成时间一般在30分钟左右。
辨别语素中的音素;
辨别重音类型;
理解婉转祈使句的语调,理解表达不确定含义的句子,理解疑问句、陈述句的语调以及反意疑问句的语调;
理解句子和话语的交际价值;
通过声音的高低快慢,辨认语句中的要点和重要信息;
做准确的判断;
做笔记。
试题分析
博士研究生英语入学考试,听力部分的具体试题形式为:短对话、长对话、短文、听写等。
(1)短对话
短对话采用一问一答的形式测试考生的英语听力能力,要求考生在听完每个对话后,根据所听内容于短时间内对每个问题后的选项做出正确选择。
【听力样题】
A.Registration. B.When the line breaks.
C.How long the line is. D.People who don’t wait their turn.
【听力原文】
M:Registration always takes so long.
W:What bothers me is all the people who cut in line.
Q:What bothers the woman?
(2)长对话长对话通常由多组对话构成,听完每组对话后考生回答3~4个问题不等,大多数高校
采用三组对话分别对应3、3、4个问题的形式。
【听力样题】
1.A.To go sightseeing. B.To have meetings.
C.To promote a new champagne. D.To join in a training program.
2.A.It can reduce the number of passenger complaints.
B.It can make air travel more entertaining.
C.It can cut down the expenses for air travel.
D.It can lessen the discomfort caused by air travel.
3.A.Many of them found it difficult to exercise on a plane.
B.Many of them were concerned with their well-being.
C.Not many of them chose to do what she did.
D.Not many of them understood the program.
【听力原文】
M:Hi,Anna!Welcome back!How’s your trip to the States?
W:Very busy.I had a lot of meetings,so,of course,I didn’t have much time to see New York.
M:What a pity!Actually,I will have a trip there myself next week?
W:Do you Then take my advice,do the well-being in the air program.It really works.
M:Oh,I read about that in a magazine.You say it works
W:Yes,I did the program on the flight to the States,and when I arrived at New York,I didn’t have any problem,no jet lag at all.On the way back,I didn’t do it,and I felt terrible.
M:You’re joking!
W:Not at all,it really meant a lot of difference.
M:En.So what did you do?
W:Well,I didn’t drink alcohol or coffee,and I didn’t eat any meat or rich food.I drank a lot of water,and fresh juice,and I ate the noodles on the well-being menu.They’re lighter.They have fish,vegetables,and noodles,for example,and I did some of the exercises of the program.
M:Exercises On a plane?
W:Yes.I didn’t do many.Of course,there isn’t much space on a plane.
M:How many passengers did the exercises?
W:Not many.
M:Then how much champagne did they drink?(https://www.daowen.com)
W:A lot!It was more popular than mineral water.
M:So,basically,it’s a choice.Mineral water and exercises,or champagne and jet lag.
W:That’s right!It’s a difficult choice.
Questions 1 to 3 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
1.Why did the woman go to New York?
2.What does the woman say about the well-being in the air program
3.What did the woman say about other passengers
(3)短文
一般说来,每篇短文由200词至250词组成,一般不超过300词。短文旨在测试考生对英语篇章的听力理解能力。每篇材料后有若干个针对材料内容提出的问题。每个问题给出四个选项,要求考生在短时间内选出答案。
【听力样题】
1.A.The name of a German town. B.A resident of Frankfurt.
C.A kind of German sausage. D.A kind of German bread.
2.A.He sold fast food. B.He raised dogs.
C.He was a cook. D.He was a cartoonist.
3.A.Because the Americans found they were from Germany.
B.Because people thought they contained dog meat.
C.Because people had to get used to their taste.
D.Because it was too hot to eat right away.
【听力原文】
Most people know what a hot dog is.It’s a sausage in a roll.But do you know why it’s called a hot dog?Well,the long red sausage which goes into a hot dog is called frankfurter.It got its name from the German town Frankfurt.The sausages were very popular,but hot frankfurters were difficult to sell in crowds.One man,Harry Stevens,had the job of feeding the crowds in baseball games.He had an idea,“Why not put the Frankfurters in long hot bread rolls?”This made them easy to sell.The“red hot”had a hot and attractive taste,and became very popular.But in 1903,an American cartoonist drew a long German sausage dog in place of the frankfurter.So a frankfurter in a roll soon became known as a hot dog.It was a joke,but some people really thought the sausages contained dog meat.For a while,sales of hot dogs failed,but not for long.
Questions 1 to 3 are based on the passage you have just heard.
1.What is a Frankfurter?
2.What was Harry Stevens’job?
3.Why did the sales of hot dogs decrease for some time?
(4)听写
听写题型比较复杂多变,各高校不尽相同,主要有如下考查形式:
单词或短语填空。一篇150~200词的短文。一般朗读两遍或三遍。有时短文字数有限制。此题型重点考查考生的理解能力和拼写。
完成句子。一篇200~300词的短文。一般朗读一遍或两遍。有时要求简要回答,限制答案的词数,如不多于3或5个词。
回答问题。一篇200~300词的短文。这是听写难度最大的一种题型。有时要求简要回答问题,限制答案的词数。
笔记与填表。一篇200~300词的短文。这种考查形式对考生要求较高,它不仅要求考生真正听懂,还要求考生能抓住听力材料的要点,并用笔记或表格形式表达出来。正常语速朗读一遍或两遍。现在考查这种题型的院校比较少。
命题特点和考查点
1.命题特点
听力测试的目的在于测试考生是否能听懂英语国家人们在日常生活、非专业学习、非技术工作中使用的英语。听力的即时性是其最主要的特点。人大约每秒能编码25到30个语音段。而我们能理解的口语速度不能超过每分钟50~60个语音段。说是即时的,声音转瞬即逝,因此博士研究生英语考试的命题具有以下特点:
(1)语音
听力测试是考查考生理解口头语言能力的测试,材料内容多以口语形式出现。口语的结构不像书面语那么严谨,句子短,重复率高,信息冗余。听力材料比阅读材料容易,基本没有超纲词汇,但会出现陌生人名或地名,且注重提供真实的语言环境。尽管根据所选题材、内容、说话者身份以及谈话对象不同,语体有正式、非正式和一般之分,但取材尽量趋于口语化。
(2)语体
要听懂英美人讲话,仅仅掌握一些语音知识是不够的,因为在英语连贯发音的过程中,单词的发音常常发生变化,如同化、连读、弱读、略读、失去爆破、轻重、语调等,了解这些知识对听力理解是非常必要的。考生要注意区别易混音素,提高辨音能力,搞清楚单词的正确读音,还要做到通过声音变化能分析出所传达的信息。
(3)内容
听力材料来源于生活、体现生活,与日常生活密切联系。内容主要涉及校园生活、日常生活、职场工作、人物、时事和科技等方面。
对话涉及的话题:计划打算、工作学习、购物、旅游、看病、生日、体育、求助等。
独白涉及的文体和题材:
文体:说明文、记叙文、新闻报道、故事等。
题材:社会文化(污染、能源、就业、交通、卫生、妇女、教育、假日、宗教、艺术等);
科普知识(计算机、太空探测、航天、天气预测、农业工业、天文地理等);
历史知识(重要人物、重大事件等)。
2.考查点
博士研究生英语考试的考查点包括以下几个方面:
判断场景:会话者身份、所处地点、情绪、天气状况等。
数字推算:电话号码、日期、金钱数字、路程距离、时间长短等。
行为预测:会话者谈话的主题,以及将要去做什么。
主旨大意:根据所听到的内容进行逻辑推理,分析概括和归纳总结听力材料的主旨。
事实细节:事情发生的时间、地点、人物、事件、经过、结果等,所占比例较大。
推理判断:根据对话或短文所提供的特定情境,对听力内容进行推理判断。
观点态度:通过听力材料的重要细节、具体事实,揣摩、推断说话者的观点和态度。
目的原因:根据听力材料的中心思想和主要内容判断说话者的意图。