五大对策（五）同义替换
技巧点拨
在部分高校的博士研究生英语入学考试中，短文听写部分的要求是用所听到的确切内容或用自己总结的观点来填空。考生完全记录下来所听内容的可能性很小，因此可以用同义替换法总结的观点来填空。用关键词把每个意群的大意记下来，然后整合成完整的句子。意群之间的关联成分，可以留到最后整合时补充。为了表明意群之间的关系，可以使用自己设计的符号，如星号、箭头来表示先后顺序或并列的要点。
1.词汇的同义替换。在听写过程中，听力原文通常用复杂的实词或短语来表达意思，因此此类实词或短语是同义转换的重点。在记录过程中巧妙地运用所学的简单短语或单词替换听力原文的意思。
（1）名词vs名词
We must exploit every opportunity to learn new things.（chance）
（2）动词短语vs单个动词
We’ll have to set off very early.（leave）
（3）动词短语vs单个动词
I’ve got to go over my notes for tomorrow’s midterm.（study）
（4）动词短语vs动词短语
It looks like he bought out the bookshelf.（bought a lot of books）
（5）动词短语vs形容词短语
He is counting the days to go home for the summer.（is eager to）
（6）形容词短语vs形容词短语
Physical activity is beneficial to the brain in the same way that mental activity is to it.（is good to）
（7）副词短语vs副词
But after two or three minutes he comes out，and buys the second ticket and goes in again.（soon）
2.句子的同义替换。在短文听写过程中，考生可以在保持句子含义不变的情况下，适当改变句子结构，将长句子变短，复杂句变简单，难句子变容易。
（1）将被动句转化为主动句
英文中被动句的使用十分频繁，而考生更习惯用主动句，这时考生可将被动句式转化为主动句式，使对句子的理解更容易。
例如：Most of the questions have been settled satisfactorily，and only a few questions of secondary importance remain to be discussed.
可以将此句替换成：We have settled most of the questions satisfactorily，only leaving a few minor questions.
（2）将直接引语转化为间接引语
为了节省时间，提高听写效率，在听写过程中可以将直接引语转化为间接引语。
例如：He said，“Well，yes，if we can’t save enough money for our trip to Switzer-land，we’ll have to relinquish our plan.”(https://www.daowen.com)
可以将此句替换成：He agreed that without enough money，they would give up their trip.
（3）将倒装句还原
因为句子结构的特殊性，倒装句无疑更增加了句子听写的难度。考生可以将不熟悉的倒装句还原成正常语序。
例如：So well did the students do their work that they fulfilled the plan ahead of schedule.
可以替换成：The students did their work so well that they fulfilled the plan in advance.
（4）省略不必要的修饰成分
在尽量保持句子主要含义的情况下，删减句子中的一些不影响句意的修饰成分，替换为句子的主干，删去其枝叶。
例如：The task was a little too difficult for the 10-year-old boy to finish on his own.
直接替换成：The task was difficult for a boy to finish on his own.
典型真题
No.12
【名师点评】
1.keep their right hands free。arm可以考虑用题干中的同义词hands替换，根据题干中的they应该用their指代。
2.the wheels of coming wagons。记录时，oncoming可以用简单同义词coming替换，不常见的单词wagon在题干中重现。
【听力原文】
These wagons had no driver’s seat；instead the driver sat on the left rear horse，so he could keep his right arm free to lash the team.Since he was sitting on the left，he naturally wanted everybody to pass on the left so he could look down and make sure he kept clear of the oncoming wagon’s wheels.Therefore he kept to the right side of the road.In addition，the French Revolution of 1789 gave a huge impetus to right-hand travel in Europe.
实战演练
No.13
Well，you can just imagine how angry I was.Then I opened the boxes with the lamps.They were exactly what I’d ordered.But one of the lamp shapes was damaged. 1 They promised to come and get them back at once and to replace them with the correct items.It has been two weeks since my complaint. 2
【名师点评】
1.The next thing I did was to phone them to complain。不定式做表语，此处不可省略to。注意时态以及complain的拼写，telephone可以替换为同义的简单单词phone/call。
2.They haven’t picked up the wrong items or sent me the rest of my order。注意neither...nor...结构中的两个动词的过去分词，可以统一替换为简单的not...or...。改写时要注意两个动词的否定。
【听力原文】
Well，you can just imagine how angry I was.Then I opened the boxes with the lamps.They were exactly what I’d ordered.But one of the lamp shapes was damaged.The next thing I did was to telephone them to complain.They promised to come and pick them up immediately and also to replace them with the correct order.It has been two weeks since my complaint.They have neither picked up the wrong items nor sent me the rest of my order.