考点一 限定词
技巧点拨
限定词是与名词密切相关的词类,包括冠词[a(n),the]、形容词性指示代词(this,that,these,those)、形容词性物主代词(my,your,our等)、形容词性不定代词(both,every,much,some等)、数词(one,two等;first,second等;one-third,three-fifths等)和特指形容词(next,only等)。限定词的使用并非随意,受着名词种类及形式的制约,与名词有着特定的搭配关系,在多个限定词连用时相互之间还有着相对固定的位置。
一、限定词与名词的搭配关系
(1)能与三类名词搭配的限定词。有些限定词如the,some,any,no,other,whose以及my,your等物主限定词和名词所属格(John’s,my friend’s)等能与三类名词搭配。
(2)只能与名词单数搭配的限定词。有些限定词如a(n),one,another,each,every,either,neither,many a,such a等只能与单数名词搭配。
例如:
neither sentence,such a book
(3)只能与复数名词搭配的限定词。有些限定词如both,two,three,another two/three,many,(a)few,several,these,those,a(great)number of等只能与复数名词搭配。
例如:
both workers,several students,another two students
(4)只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词。有些限定词如a(little)bit of,a large amount of,a great deal of,(a)little,much,less,(the)least等只能与不可数名词搭配。
例如:
a bit of water,a large amount of money,much noise,less oil
(5)能与单、复数名词搭配的限定词。有些限定词如the first,the second,the last,the next等既可与单数名词搭配,也可与复数名词搭配。
例如:
the first rose,the next meetings
(6)能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词。有些限定词如this,that等能与单数名词和不可数名词搭配。
例如:
this/that job,this/that work
(7)能与复数名词和不可数名词搭配的限定词。有些限定词如a lot of,lots of,plenty of,enough,more,most,such,other等可与复数名词和不可数名词搭配。
例如:
a lot of books,most people,other bread二、限定词相互之间的位置
限定词往往是两个或两个以上连用限定一个名词。这就涉及它们相互之间的前后顺序。实际上,限定词的位置是有规律可循的。根据其位置的前后,限定词可分为三类:
(1)中位限定词
定冠词和不定冠词:a(n),the
物主限定词(物主代词和’s属格名词):my,your,Mary’s,my friend’s
指示限定词:this,that,these,those
不定数量词:some,few,no,any,every,each,either,neither,enough
疑问限定词和关系限定词:what(ever),which(ever),whose
(2)前位限定词
all,both,half;double,twice,three times等;
one-third,two-fifths等;
what,such(a/an)(跨类限定词)。
(3)后位限定词
one,two,three等;
first,second,third等;next,last,other,another等;many,much,(a)few,(a)little,fewer,(the)fewest,less,(the)least,more,most,several等;
plenty of,a lot of,lots of,a great/large/good number of,a great/good deal of,a large/small amount of等。(https://www.daowen.com)
如果一个名词词组带有上述三类限定词,其搭配关系总是按照“前位——中位——后位”的顺序排列。
例如:
allthefourteachers,alltheselastfewdays
前中后前中后后
完形填空中,关于限定词的解题技巧:
第一步:掌握上边提到的限定词语法。
第二步:分析句子结构。若空格后的名词或者“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、冠词等限定词时,很可能是填限定词。
第三步:理解上下文和句子的意思。根据所需意义选择恰当的限定词。
典型真题
例1:
However,marriage is no longer as widespread as it was several decades ago. 39 of American adults who are married declined from 72 percent in 1970 to 60 percent in 2002.(浙江大学2011年)
39.A.A proportion B.The proportion C.The number D.A number
【名师点评】B。名词与冠词用法。proportion“比例”;number“数量”。根据下文的72 percent可知proportion是一个已知数,故空格处需定冠词the。
例2:
I’d like to believe,as many of my friends seem to,that this practice won’t do much harm.But even as I’ve heard over the past decade that things weren’t 36 bad,that the music industry was moving to a new,better business model,each year’s numbers have been worse.(北京大学2011年)
36.A.so B.this C.that D.much
【名师点评】C。形容词性指示代词。空格所在的句意为:正如我在过去10年内听说的那样,形势并没有那么糟糕……。这里用that代替上文提到的一种情况。故选项C正确。
例3:
Are we at the beginning of another Age of Exploration Perhaps even more important,are we at the beginning of 51 Age of Colonization (四川大学2011年)
51.A.another B.an C.the D.one
【名师点评】A。形容词性不定代词。空格前一句有相同的结构another Age of Exploration,所以此处也应该使用这个不定代词。故答案为A。
例4:
Once it is given a“program”—that is,a carefully worked out set of instructions devised by a technician trained in computer language—a computer can gather 61 information for many purposes.(南开大学2010年)
61.A.many B.all kinds of C.a great number of D.a wide range of
【名师点评】D。此题考查修饰不可数名词的限定词。information为不可数名词,只能用a wide range of来修饰,其他选项均修饰可数名词。故答案为D。
实战演练
1.When she had successfully done this,she took the thread out of the needle again and handed____the needle and the thread to the judge,saying,“Now it is your turn.I suppose you drive a car,and that you are quite sure about your own eyesight.”
A.both B.all C.neither D.either
2.On the other hand,mothers whose jobs are less controlled by supervisors and____must work closely with other people probably rely less on physical punishment,instead of encouraging children to think themselves about consequences of their actions andtake responsibility for their behavior.
A.whom B.whose C.who D.those
3.And they are made____worse by our willful blindness to risk as much as our reluctance to work together before everything goes to hell.
A.little B.less C.more D.much
答案解析
1.A.限定词。指针和线两者,所以用both。
2.C。定语从句的用法。先行词为mothers,且在从句中做主语,因此引导词既可以为who,也可以为that(不能省略)。
3.D。比较级。在比较级前面添加副词,只能用副词原级,不能再用比较级。B和C显然错误。根据文章的感情色彩,文章表示的是贬义,在嘲笑人们喜欢做马后炮的事情,因此用much不用little.