一、代词

代词

考点分析代词顾名思义,用来替代前面出现过的成分,以使语言简练、避免重复。代词种类繁多,包括人称代词(如:I,him)、物主代词(如:her,ours,their)、反身代词(如:yourself,themselves)、指示代词(如:that,these)、不定代词(如:every,any)、疑问代词、关系代词等。

)人称代词

1)主格

主格代词分别是:

第一人称:I,we(复数)

第二人称:you(单复同)

第三人称:he,she,it,they(复数)

主格代词在句中作主语,填空题缺少主语时,有时填主格代词。

2)宾格

宾格代词分别是:

第一人称:me,us(复数)

第二人称:you(单复同)

第三人称:him,her,it,them(复数)

宾格代词在句中作动词或介词的宾语,改错题中常误用主格代词作宾语,应改为

宾格。

)物主代词

物主代词用来表示所属关系,分为形容词性和名词性两类:

1)形容词性物主代词

第一人称:my,our(复数)

第二人称:your(单复同)

第三人称:his,her,its,their(复数)

形容词性物主代词不能单独使用,只能作名词的限定词,如:my watch,their coach。改错题经常误用其他类型的代词作名词定语,此时应改为形容词性物主代词。

2)名词性物主代词:

第一人称:mine,ours(复数)

第二人称:yours(单复同,你的东西)

第三人称:his,hers,its,theirs(复数)

名词性物主代词相当于名词,可单独使用,作句子的主语、表语或宾语。

(三)反身代词

反身代词分别是:

第一人称:myself,ourselves(复数)

第二人称:yourself,yourselves(复数)

第三人称:himself,herself,itself,themselves(复数)

还有oneself

改错题经常混淆反身代词的写法,结尾的-self和-selves经常故意写错,也会出现反身代词用错的时候,其中最主要的是oneself。

反身代词常和一些介词连用组成一些惯用语:

by oneself单独、独自

for oneself为了自己

(四)who和which的区别。

which指代事物或者动物,who指代人

who/whom son往往要改为whose son,whose可以指代事物。

(五)that和which的区别

介词后面使用which,而不用that,in that除外。

(六)定语从句的特殊省略

reason后面有定语从句,中间往往省略why;

time后面有定语从句,中间往往省略when;

way后面有定语从句,中间省略了in which。

(七)不定代词

不定代词的误用经常出现

1)both和all

both,either,neither都是在谈到两个人或者东西的时候用到。如:

Both of them are right.(他们两个人都对。)

You can take either book.(两本书你可以任意挑一本。)

Neither of them is going to get haircut.(他们俩谁也不愿意理发。)

All of the books are worth to read.(三本书以上)

None of them is going to get haircut.(them指三个人以上)

2)none和no

none和no都用于否定的意思。但是none是“没有一个人或者没有一个东西”,在句子中可以用作主语、宾语、同位语等。而no是“没有”的意思,只能够当作形容词用,不能够作代词用。如:

None of them knew how to do it.(不能够说no of them)

No women are allowed to come in.

3)another,the other,the others

涉及两个人或者东西的时候,任意取一个用one,另外那个用the other(表示特指)。如:

I have two computers one is IBM,the other is Dell.

涉及三个以上时,任意取一个用one,泛指另外一个用another。如:

Three people went to the meeting.One was a software programmer,another was a network expert,and the third was a college student.

涉及三个以上时,任意取一个用one,表示特指其他的那些用the others或者用the other+名词。如:

Two of them go to Canada,the others go to America.

Two of the students go to Canada,the other students go to America.

技巧点拨

1.熟悉上述代词的常见用法。

2.在考试中,代词错误的概率是非常高的,因此代词画横线,应该先看代词有没有错。

3.注意代词的单复数,代词的性别。

典型真题(https://www.daowen.com)

例1:

(68)Diesel soot,what is also a carcinogen,is a major problem because it is concentrated in cities along transportation corridors impacting densely populated areas.(北京大学2013年)

【名师点评】what→which。what为疑问代词,在从句中充当主语或宾语成分。which为关系代词,充当引导词。这里为非限制性定语从句。因此应该将what改为which。

例2:

44.I found

图示the time given.(河海大学2013年)

【名师点评】A。形式宾语。found后接形式宾语,不能用that,应改为it。

例3:

38.One major obstacle

图示economic development is population growth.图示of most developing countries grow at a rate much faster than

图示of industrialized countries.One reason for this growth is the high crude birth-rate—the number of

图示per 1,000people.(中国社会科学院2013年)

【名师点评】C。指示代词单复数。由复数名词the populations可知,此处that应该为those。故答案为C。

例4:

34.Culture in general

图示beliefs and values 图示people interpret experiences and behave,individually and in groups.图示t,“culture”refers to a group or community with Dwhichyou sharecommon experiences that shape the way you understand the world.(中国社会科学院2011年)

【名师点评】B。定语从句关系代词。on the basis of是由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句,介词后面的代词只能用which或whom。根据先行词beliefs and values可知,此处只能用which。

实战演练

1.The texture of

图示of the grains or particles 图示2.Mammals

图示heat to 图示in cold weather 图示quickly than in图示3.In Williamsburg,图示,people 图示

like the

图示in London.4.It is not a voice we recognize at once,

图示our own handwriting is something图示图示know.We begin the natural learning of pronunciation long

before we start learning to read or write,and in our early years we

图示unconsciously

imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those farmers around us for many hours

every day.(中国社会科学院2015年)

【名师点评】B。定语从句关系代词。在定语从句中,如果先行词是代词something,everything,nothing,little,few等时,关系代词应用that而不是which,故此处应将B:which改为that。

5.When television 图示,the extent to 图示socie-

ty

图示foreseen.

6.Clothing

图示of plastic fibers has certain 图示ove 图示made of natural fibers

like cotton,wool,

图示silk.

7.Variables suchas individual and corporate behavior makenearly impossible for

AB图示to forecast economic trends 图示precision.

8.Only 20 percent of Britons said 图示had consumed no 图示in the past 12 months,图示to double 图示figure in Portugal,Italy and Hungary.

9.Physics 图示the present day equivalent of 图示used to be called natural philosophy,from 图示most of 图示day science arose.

10.The astronauts and 图示achievements 图示you mentioned stimulate the youth much图示of them are engaged in astronautics.

11.Among the physicians,those where are younger,the women,the gynecologists and those in private practice were the most inclined to favor annual exams.

12.Until they fulfilled 图示role,图示position in the structure of the family was 图示ofsubordination,and their psychological 图示and capacities received littleconsideration.

13.In the center of your heart and 图示heart 图示is a wireless station so long 图示itreceives messages of beauty,hope,cheer,courage and power from men and fromthe infinite,图示long are you young.

14.图示experience no obesity,no middle-aged spread,图示dental decay,no highblood pressure,no heart disease,and 图示blood cholesterol levels are very low(about 图示average American adult).

15.The period 图示learning a nursery rhyme and transmitting 图示may be 图示from twenty 图示seventy years.

16.Individuals 图示decode individual words by matching t图示or visual pattern of theword with 图示representation in the declarative knowledge 图示long-termmemory.

17.The widespread use of 图示electrical appliances 图示that there is a need forservicemen 图示keep 图示unning properly.

18.The new houses,图示in the suburbs,图示often small and more or less identical,but 图示satisfied 图示

19.Primarily,the banker-customer relationship 图示debtor and creditor图示isdepending on 图示the customer’s simple account is in credit or is 图示.

20.It pleases 图示resentful of disciplines,图示flatters the empty-minded by calling 图示open-minded,图示comforts the confused.

答案解析

1.D。形式宾语。make up是及物动词词组,需要宾语,依句意加上宾格代词it,指代soil,即make it up。

2.B。形容词性物主代词。人称代词them不能修饰名词,与其对应的物主代词their恰好作名词environment的限定词。因此应将them改为their。

3.C。反身代词。them对应的反身代词为themselves。应将them改为themselves。

4.B。定语从句的关系代词。先行词不是指人,而是指物,关系代词不能用who,故改为which或that。

5.B。定语从句的关系代词。介词to后应加which引导的定语从句,不能用that,即the extent to which。

6.C。代词误用。题干主语clothing是衣服、被褥的总称,不能用one来指代,应该用that来指代clothing。

7.B。it形式宾语用法。根据句子结构,主语是variables,空格中需要填入谓语成分,空格后面的nearly impossible充当补语成分,for economists...短语充当真正的宾语,谓语动词后面必须由形式宾语it补充完整。

8.D。代词误用。that和one二者均可代替前文提到的人或物,在被替代成分后有介词短语修饰时,或被替代的成分为不可数名词时,用that。而在被替代成分前有形容词修饰时,则用one。

9.C。关系代词用法。句子中的natural philosophy为非限制性定语从句的先行词,应用which作引导。

10.B。关系代词用法。定语从句中,当先行词中既有表示人的名词又有表示物的名词时,关系代词用that,不能用which。

11.where→who。关系代词用法。根据上下文,those其中的一个主语,指代前面的the physicians,是人,定语从句的关系代词不能用where,而是who。

12.B。此句中前面用的是they,后面要与they在数方面一致,因此将his改为their。

13.B。关系代词误用。句中的there is a wireless station并非in the center of your heart and my heart的定语从句,而是there be+主语+状语句型,并且将状语in the center of your heart and my heart提到了句首。需要把where去掉。

14.D。缺少代词。of前应加入that。that在这里表示指代,指前面提到的cholesterol levels。这里未用those,是因为后面出现的名词是单数:the average American adult。

15.C。不定代词误用。something特指某事,而anything泛指任何一事,此处指从二十到七十年之间的任何时段,因此,something要改为anything。

16.C。代词误用。此处代词指代前面的the word,单数意义,应使用单数形式的代词,因此their要改为its。

17.D。分析句子结构,it指代的是appliances,应改为复数形式them。

18.C。代词误用。but后的it指代句首的The new houses,为复数,应将it改为they。

19.A。is of前应加入that,在这里that是代词,指代relationship。

20.C。代词误用。先行词为the empty-minded,而“the+adj.”表示一类人时,通常表示复数概念,因此将him改为them。