二、句子的结构
考点分析
句子的结构主要考查以下几个出题方向。
1主语的重复
名词+代词+谓语，这个代词永远是重复的主语，永远是错的。
例1：Woodrow Wilson he was an idealist who refused to make any compromises concerning the establishment of the League of Nations.
分析：代词he不是同位语，主语重复；如果是A prolific writer，Woodrow Wilson这样的主语，那么便是主语同位语。
例2：Two unique features of the Arctic they are lack of precipitation and permanently frozen ground.
分析：they和前面的主语two unique features重复。
2谓语的重复
完整的句子后面又多了一个谓语，这种情况往往改为定语从句或非谓语形式。
例1：A paragraph is a portion of a text consists of one or more sentences related to the same idea.
分析：句中有两个无法连接的谓语动词，is和consists，可以改consists为非谓语动词形式或在它前面加which使之成为定语从句中的谓语动词。
3谓语的缺少
例：Most mammals to maintain a relatively constant body temperature，regardless of what the air temperature might be.
分析：句中缺谓语动词，故去掉不定式符号to使maintain变成谓语动词。
4主句的重复
主句的重复总是考even，instead，during，despite等引导的句子，但是实际上它们无法把两个句子连接起来，因为它们都是副词或者介词，连接两个句子应该用连接词。
例1：Salmon spend most of their adult lives in salt water，despite they return to their freshwater birthplaces to spawn and die.
分析：despite是介词，后面一般接名词做宾语，而在句中它后面却跟着一个完整的句子，所以改为连词though。
例2：Solar eclipses occur during the Moon’s shadow sweeps across the face of the Earth.
分析：during应改为when或as。介词不能引导条件状语从句，根据题意during改为从属连词when或as。
典型真题
例1：
（65）Encourage customers to retrieve items they have ordered online in a store increases visits to the stores，which usually increases sales.（北京大学2011年）
【名师点评】Encourage→Encouraging。谓语重复。分析句子结构，increases为谓语，那只能是现在分词短语Encouraging...做increases的主语。
例2：
Edison had solved certain problems，make it possible for other inventors move ahead with their own[81]____devices.（山东大学2005年）
【名师点评】make→making。谓语重复。分析句子结构，had solved为谓语，而make引导分词短语，表伴随。因此make应改为making。
例3：
26.Perhaps all societies
than our own have achievedan effective personal immortality and lose the motivation for interstellar gallivanting，which 
，
，
urge only of adolescent civilizations.（社会科学院2004年）
【名师点评】D。∧a typical→be。谓语遗漏。分析which引导的定语从句，缺少谓语，根据先行词all societies和从句中的情态动词may判定，此处应加入be。
实战演练
1.It
the moral qualities of its leading personalities 
that are perhaps of even greatersignificance for a generation 
for the course of history than pure 
2.Normally a student must 
a certain number of courses in order to graduate，
each course which he 
gives him a credit which 
may count towards adegree.
3.With a little 
，if desks are fixed to the floor，
can
this situation and create 
interchanges among students.
4.This 
is some kind of commodity 
in intellectualmarketplaces known as schools 
universities 
only one of manycharacterizations.(https://www.daowen.com)
5.
for Titian in the 16th century or Velazquez in 
than a few thousands of people—though that 
most of the crowned 
，nobility and intelligentsia of Europe.
6.An effect 
a cause，
the original cause and 
the same
in an intensified form，and so on indefinitely.
7.When you 
about the time 
on cleaning，cooking，grocery shopping，theyardwork，and laundry，
that managing a home 
no small feat.
8.Many of the people 
who 
modern linguistics 
an 
inLatin and Greek.
9.At the turn of 19th century，when the study of cultural anthropology 
that thelinguistic barriers 
insuperable and that language was entirely the product ofculture，the view 
gamed some currency，and with it that，ifattempted at all，it 
as literal as possible.
10.Educational attainment in rural America 
a historic high in 2000，
nearlyone in six rural adults 
a 4-year college degree，and more than three in four
high school.
11.
culminated the statements ofthe 
“literalists”Walter Benjamin 
Vladimir Nobokov.
12.AMERICARES’First airlift to India 
the tsunami 
in Chennai，carrying 36 tons of medicines，medical equipment，water purification 
andother aid 
at nearly$8 million.
13.A very small fraction of the Sun’s light and heat 
in such 
that after
unhinderedly through interplanetary space，
the Earth.
14.The ways of history 
so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complexthat it 
always hazardous to attempt to represent events 
a number of years，amultiplicity of persons，and 
as the expression of one intellectual orsocial movement.
15.No matter what job you 
，
with dialectal differences is 
that you will
.
16.The first real 
effort to unite Europe 
the 
of the Council ofEurope，
established in 1949.
17.Shyness 
so severe that it 
significantly our social activities，relationships or occupational functioning could be 
call social anxiety
or“crippling shyness”.
18.Water 
do not have to trouble the world if we 
valuing water more than
in the past.
19.Traditionally，new technology 
with the construction of 
，structures，and
on 
20.
many early leaders of the United States have 
names 
，onlyGeorge Washington is remembered 
of a state.
答案解析
1.B。and后的that指代不明，导致后面的句子没有主语。分析句子结构后发现此句为It is...that，为强调句型。因此，把and去掉即可。
2.C。去掉attends后的and。句子结构不完整。此处如果有and，那么就证明gives和attends是一个层次上的动词，即定语从句的两个并列的谓语。可是这样一来，主句就缺少谓语动词。根据上下文，此处的gives应该是主句的谓语动词，句意为“……他上的每一门课程都会让他获得一个学分……”
3.D。space后为定语从句，先行词space已出现，在从句中充当主语，因此需要用关系代词that或which连接，否则句子的谓语重复。因此encourages前应加入that/which。
4.A。判断名词后面的从句究竟是定语从句还是同位语从句的关键就是看这个名词在从句中是否作成分，但凡名词在从句中作成分的，该从句就是定语从句，而不做成分的就是同位语从句。该从句完整，不缺任何成分，所以是this idea的同位语从句。同位语从句，引导词不能用which，只能用that。故idea后应加入that。
5.B。分析句子后发现，主语是the total public，没有谓语，根据句子的主语和时间状语in the 16th century or Velazquez in the 17th，应用过去时单数，故probably前加入谓语动词单数形式was。
6.B。根据句意，an effect can become a cause和reinforce the original cause不是并列关系，这样句子存在谓语重复问题，应该将reinforce变为-ing形式，与后面的producing the same effect保持形式上的一致。此处非谓语动词表伴随。
7.B。时间状语从句中，谓语动词为think，has spent，存在谓语重复的问题，spend这里应用作非谓语动词，因为time与spend之间是动宾关系，所以此处用spend的过去分词形式作time的定语。去掉spent前的has。
8.A。分析句子，Many of the people为句子的主语，那么后面的they是多余的，应该去掉。
9.C。根据句子结构可知，句中“translation was impossible”在句中为同位语成分，修饰the view，that不能省略。因此view后加that。
10.D。with引导的介词词组相当于一个独立主格结构，这个结构通常是由介词with或without加上名词词组或分词构成。这里more than three in four承前省略了介词with。complete改成completing。
11.B。分析句子结构，句子的主语为The view of Walter Benjamin and Vladimir Nobokov，后面的they与主语重复，应去掉。
12.D。分析句子结构，句子的主语为AMERICARES’First airlift to India，谓语为has arrived，后面的has valued与谓语重复。value和它前面的名词medicines，medical equipment，water purification treatments and other aid之间构成被动关系，是这些药品等物资被估价，因此是过去分词短语做后置定语，应把has去掉。
13.A。light and heat与emit之间应该是被动关系，且句子缺少主语。此处light and heat应作为一个整体看待，所以谓语动词要用单数形式。因此，emitted前加入is即可。
14.C。cover应改为covering。如果使用动词原形cover，则会导致that引导的结果状语从句内部在没有任何连词的情况下出现两个谓语动词：is和cover不符合语法，因而此处应使用相应的非谓语动词形式，由于cover和它的逻辑主语events之间是主动关系，所以应使用其现在分词形式covering。
15.B。分析句子结构可知，若使deal with dialectal differences部分做句子的主语，须将deal改为现在分词的形式，使整个现在分词短语作主语。deal改为dealing。
16.D。句子有两个谓语came和was established，可以把was去掉或在was前加which。
17.A。分析句子结构，句子的谓语是could be，shyness后的becomes so severe that...为定语从句，先行词为shyness。因此，becomes前应加入that。
18.B。if引导的条件句没有谓语，starting是动词非谓语形式。主句的时态为一般现在时do not have to trouble，if从句里也用一般现在时。从句主语为we，故从句的谓语应为一般现在时的复数形式。因此，starting应该改为start。
19.A。句子没有谓语。由traditionally可知句子为完成时态，concern表达“涉及，有关”的意义时，是及物动词，这里需用到被动语态，故concerning应改为has been concerned。
20.A。even为副词，不能引导从句，根据题意，改为引导让步状语从句的Even though。