6大命题点（一）主旨大意题
命题方向
短文的主旨是指短文的大概意思，即文章主要涉及的是什么内容，因为独白总是围绕主旨或者中心思想展开的。主旨大意题要求根据所给信息归纳原文的主题或者最合适的标题。有时，短文的主旨比较明确；有时则贯穿整个独白，需考生自己去归纳、概括。主旨题主要是测试考生对文章的中心思想或主旨大意的理解，考查考生对短文的主旨大意或短文写作目的的理解和把握。主旨类问题虽然在考试中出现的频率不高，但理解大意是理解细节和准确推断的前提，所以对文章有一个宏观的理解，进而掌握文章的脉络，对于考生来说非常重要。
1 主旨题在原文和题目中的位置
博士研究生英语听力考试的一大特色就是一般情况下，题目顺序与文章的行文顺序相一致。考生要明确的是主旨题出现在文章的开头部分，绝对不会出现在文章的中间部分。其中需要注意的一点是，在结尾部分同样可能会出现帮助解答主旨题的内容。因为短文很可能对文章内容进行概括和总结。因此，主旨题一般为短文的第一题或最后一题。
2 主旨题的典型问法
主旨题的题目形式相对固定，一般为主观性问题，多为Wh-question形式。常见的提问形式如下：
What does the passage talk about？
What is the main idea of the passage？
What is the speaker talking abou？
3 主旨题的信号标志词
…today we will talk about…
…today we will discuss…
…today we will look at…
figure/work/sort out…
about是一个经常引导主要内容的介词。这个词很关键，要求听准其后面的宾语的内容，这是解题的关键。
4 主旨题的选项特征
（1）在选择选项的时候，考生一定要避免选择如下选项：
范围小：细节进入主旨题，这种情况最常见；
范围大：没锁定主旨；
不正确选项：即文章中根本没有涉及的内容。
（2）正确选项特征如下：
长的名词结构：先定位比较of和that前面的词，在原文中找同义替换后，确定of和that后面的宾语是否符合原文；
以how，what，why开头的特殊疑问词；
To do。To do结构在主旨题中出现的频率很高，考生可以比较动词do的形式和用词。如果原文中用到的动词与选项一致，考生可以首先定位此选项，再比较后面的宾语即可。
答题技巧
从解题的角度讲，针对主旨类问题的特点，考生在考试过程中，应掌握以下方法：
（1）提炼和分析选项，推测短文主题。听力理解的每道题都是围绕听力材料的主要内容而设，故根据各选项中反复出现的相同或相关的词语，考生往往可大致推测出其所要陈述的主题。如果同一问题中的选项是从不同的细节来对同一事物进行描述的，这时，它们描述的内容一般和主题有一定的关系。在听短文的过程中应该注意把握与这些事物相关的句子。
（2）把握短文的开头和结尾。英语文章的表达一般是开门见山的，文章的首句多为概括性句子。如果首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的解答就是文章主旨。所以，考生做这一类题时一定要集中精力听好短文的开头，特别是开头句型。对于某些题材的文章，比如说：议论文，这类体裁的短文的尾句大多为总结性语句，考生通过尾句也可了解文章的主旨。因此，把握好开头和结尾，对文章主旨的理解非常重要。
（3）把握短文中的高频词和高频句。如果短文反复出现同一词或同一类词汇，同样也值得考生特别注意，因为包含有这类词汇的选项能较好地体现中心思想。重点推测短文中反复出现的句子，其必与文章中心有密切的关系。此外，要听准关键词并对实义词（名词、动词、形容词）足够敏感。考生要注意：提出文章主旨时，常伴有的提示词或短语为：therefore，thus，but，however，in short等。所以，听到或看到这些词汇时，考生要尤其注意。
（4）优先选择概括性较强的选项。主旨题的答案必然具有较强的概括性，而出题人经常会用一些文中涉及的、与主题相关的某一方面内容来作为干扰项，即以偏概全，引诱考生犯错。因此，当你在某两个选项之间犹豫不决时，记住，要优先选择概括性强的那个选项。(https://www.daowen.com)
典型真题
1.A.It is farming that gives human beings enough leisure time for sporting activities.
B.Farming is very important in human civilization because it saves human beings from risks and uncertainties of hunting for survival.
C.It is hunting that provides human beings with much simpler ways of obtaining meaty meals.
D.Sporting activities satisfy the desire of modern man to exercise hunting skills which his forefathers developed for survival.（浙江大学2012年）
【名师点评】D。主旨大意题。听力原文的开始就点明了本文的大意。Sporting activities是本文的主旨关键词，接着用To understand how this transformation...，to do的形式进一步点明主旨。故答案为D。
【听力原文】
Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior.Viewed biologically，the modern footballer is in reality a member of a hunting group.His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goalmouth.If his aim isaccurate and he scores a goal，he enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey.
To understand how this transformation has taken place we must briefly look back at our forefathers.They spent over a million years evolving as cooperative hunters.Their very survival depended on success in the hunting-field.Under this pressure their whole way of life，even their bodies，became greatly changed...
Q1.Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage？
2.The talk is mainly about____.
A.what dogs can do B.how to keep dogs
C.dogs and their masters D.reasons for keeping dogs（北京大学2007年）
【名师点评】D。主旨大意题。听力原文but后的内容为全文的主旨：But the reason why one keeps a dog has changed.文章介绍过去人们养狗和现在养狗的不同原因，现在人们养狗是因为把狗当成朋友，其中the reason why one keeps a dog与选项D对应。故答案为D。
【听力原文】
If you are in a town in a western country，you’ll often see people walking with their dogs.It is still true that a dog is the most useful animal in the world.But the reason why one keeps a dog has changed.Once upon a time，a man met a dog and wanted it to help him in the fight against other animals，and he found that the dog listened to him and did what he told him to...
实战演练
3.A.Sense of responsibility. B.Self-confidence.
C.Patience. D.Stability.
4.A.Its protection is often neglected by children.
B.It cannot be fully restored once damaged.
C.There are many false notions about it.
D.There are various ways to protect it.
【名师点评】
3.A。主旨大意题。说话者从一开始就提到父亲让他学会负责任，正是责任感使他遇到挫折时还是完成了演唱任务并取得了成功，最后说话者又再次强调了sense of responsibility的作用。故答案为A。
4.C。主旨大意题。短文开头提到There are many commonly held beliefs...that are not proven facts（有很多与眼镜和视力有关的普遍看法都没有事实证明），即人们对眼镜和视力有许多错误的认识。故答案为C。
【听力原文】
I grew up in a small town.I was hardly 10 years old when my dad gave me the responsibility of feeding the chickens and cleaning up the stable.He believed it was important for me to have those jobs to learn responsibility.Then，when I was 22，I found a job in Nashville at a country music club called“The Nashville Palace”.I washed dishes and cooked from 4 00 pm to 9 00 pm and then went on stage and sang until 2 00 in the morning.It wasn’t long before I became known as a singer cook.I had been rejected somany times by record companies that it was hard not to be discouraged.One night，a woman from a company named Warner Brothers Records came to hear me sing.When the show was over，we talked and then she left.I said to myself it was one more failure.But a few weeks later，I was told that they wanted to sign me to a record deal.Soon after，my first record came out.It sold over one million copies.My best efforts had gone into every job I ever held.It was the sense of responsibility that made me feel like a man，knowing I had done my best filled me with pride.
Q3:What’s the main topic of the speech？
There are many commonly held beliefs about eye glasses and eyesight that are not proven facts.For instance some people believe that wearing glasses too soon weakens the eyes.But there is no evidence to show that the structure of eyes is changed by wearing glasses at a young age.Q4 What does the speaker want to tell us about eyesight？